1. The Rise and Fall of Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire

2. Ottoman Empire

3. Ottoman Leadership Osman Orkhan I Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)
Gunpowder, Cannons
Orkhan I
“Sultan”
Kindness to conquered
Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)
Samarkland
Conquered Russia and Persia

6. Selim the Grim (1512 – 1520) Mehmet the Conqueror (1451 – 1481)
Expansion – Constantinople
Hagia Sophia – Mosque
Selim the Grim (1512 – 1520)
Defeated Safavids
Syria, Pakistan and N. Africa

7. Suleiman the Magnificent
Battled Hapsburgs
Naval Power
Control of Mediterranean
Advanced Legal Code
Height of Ottoman Culture

8. Suleiman Mosque

10. Ottoman Military Ghazis – Warriors for Islam
Devshirme – Young boys trained
Civilian Administration
Military
Janissaries – Elite Military Force

11. Janissaries

12. Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungary
Initially they had superior technology
15th Century - Build navy to ward off Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean (Significance?)

14. Topkaki Palace

15. Topkapi Palace

16. Topkapi Palace

17. Ottoman Decline – 400 Years
Military victories bring about decline, how?
Had to constantly guard gains
Conservative Islam focused on tradition, spirituality
Turks did not have the resources, forethought to modernize army
Trade imbalance
Middle class heavily taxed (why relevant?)
Numerous ineffective leaders

19. Safavid Empire Founded by Safi –al Din (Iran)
Shiites – Minority group of Islam
Military Strength
Red Heads
Shah I’sma’il

21. Safavid Court

22. Battle of Chaldiran Shah Abbas – Golden Age Isfahan – Capital City
1514 – Lost to Ottomans
Impact of weapons
Shah Abbas – Golden Age
1587 – Blended Ottoman, Arab and Persian cultures
Reformed Government
Isfahan – Capital City

23. Safavid Soldier

24. Isfahan

25. Safavid Art

26. Isfahan

27. “Half the World”

28. Rise of Mughal India
Rise of power swift, easily conquered and controlled Northern India. (map)
Akbar solidified power, made social changes
Created a new religion with elements of Hinduism and Islam - unsuccessful
Eliminated jizya tax on Hindus
Allowed Hindus to build temples again
Promoted Hindus in the gov’t
Outlawed Sati, discouraged child marriage

29. Mughal Military Power Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy
Firearms purchased from Europeans, limited local production
Troops poorly trained – conscripted from poor

30. Mughal Decline Public works (including the Taj Mahal) drain budgets
Wars to conquer Southern India depleted reserves, distracted emperor from internal problems (uprisings and revolts), and incursions from Persian and Afghan warriors bands

31. Repressive tax system, with few benefits seen by poor
Extensive bureaucracy allowed large scale corruption
Later emperors refused to integrate Hindus into the gov’t (80% of population)
Military technology unable to match European development – modernization plan – Why?

32. Fatehpur

33. Great Mosque - Fatehpur

34. Taj Mahal

35. Taj Mahal