1. Since fusing hydrogen into helium causes a star to be on the main sequence, why do smaller stars stay on the main sequence longer than massive stars that contain more hydrogen?

2. Since fusing hydrogen into helium causes a star to be on the main sequence, why do smaller stars stay on the main sequence longer than massive stars that contain more hydrogen?
Massive stars use up hydrogen at a much faster rate.

3. What type of star is Betelgeuse?

4. What type of star is Betelgeuse?
a supergiant

5. Is Antares or Vega hotter than the Sun?

6. Is Antares or Vega hotter than the Sun?

7. What is the approximate absolute magnitude of Rigel?

8. What is the approximate absolute magnitude of Rigel?
–2.5

9. Extra Credit: If the Doppler shift indicated that the shift was to blue-violet on the spectrum, would the Big Bang theory help explain the shift? Explain your answer.

10. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy, it is a(n) __________ galaxy.
a. spiral
b. irregular
c. elliptical
d. flat

11. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy, it is a(n) __________ galaxy.
a. spiral
b. irregular
c. elliptical
d. flat

12. A red shift in the spectrum of the light from an object indicates the object is moving _____ you.
a. away from
b. toward
c. at a right angle from
d. none of the above

13. A red shift in the spectrum of the light from an object indicates the object is moving _____ you.
a. away from
b. toward
c. at a right angle from
d. none of the above

14. A huge group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity is a _____.
a. galaxy
b. constellation
c. Local Group
d. both a and b

15. A huge group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity is a _____.
a. galaxy
b. constellation
c. Local Group
d. both a and b

16. The distances to nearby stars can be measured by using _____.
a. absolute magnitude
b. temperature
c. color
d. parallax

17. The distances to nearby stars can be measured by using _____.
a. absolute magnitude
b. temperature
c. color
d. parallax

18. The _____ states that between 15 and 20 billion years ago, the universe began expanding out of an enormous explosion.
a. H-R diagram
b. binary star theory
c. Big Bang theory
d. "big crunch" theory

19. The _____ states that between 15 and 20 billion years ago, the universe began expanding out of an enormous explosion.
a. H-R diagram
b. binary star theory
c. Big Bang theory
d. "big crunch" theory

20. _____ are patterns of stars in the sky.
a. Galaxies
b. Constellations
c. Star clusters
d. Binaries

21. _____ are patterns of stars in the sky.
a. Galaxies
b. Constellations
c. Star clusters
d. Binaries

22. Its _____ makes Sirius the brightest star in the night sky.
a. apparent magnitude
b. parallax
c. color
d. absolute magnitude

23. Its _____ makes Sirius the brightest star in the night sky.
a. apparent magnitude
b. parallax
c. color
d. absolute magnitude

24. A galaxy that has a shape similar to a football is a(n) _____ galaxy.
a. normal spiral
b. barred spiral
c. elliptical
d. irregular

25. A galaxy that has a shape similar to a football is a(n) _____ galaxy.
a. normal spiral
b. barred spiral
c. elliptical
d. irregular

26. Which stars in this diagram are coolest?
a. white dwarfs
b. super giants
c. the stars in the upper left corner on the main sequence
d. There is no way to know from the diagram.

27. Which stars in this diagram are coolest?
a. white dwarfs
b. super giants
c. the stars in the upper left corner on the main sequence
d. There is no way to know from the diagram.

28. Which shows the evolution of some massive stars in the correct order?
a. protostar, nebula, supernova, neutron star
b. nebula, protostar, neutron star, supernova
c. neutron star, nebula, protostar, supernova
d. nebula, protostar, supernova, neutron star

29. Which shows the evolution of some massive stars in the correct order?
a. protostar, nebula, supernova, neutron star
b. nebula, protostar, neutron star, supernova
c. neutron star, nebula, protostar, supernova
d. nebula, protostar, supernova, neutron star

30. A _____ is a region so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field.
a. supernova
b. white dwarf
c. black hole
d. supergiant

31. A _____ is a region so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field.
a. supernova
b. white dwarf
c. black hole
d. supergiant

32. Dark, cooler areas on the Sun's surface are called _____.
a. sunspots
b. solar flares
c. coronas
d. prominences

33. Dark, cooler areas on the Sun's surface are called _____.
a. sunspots
b. solar flares
c. coronas
d. prominences

34. Where do stars form? a. in an empty section of space b. in a supernova
c. in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
d. when existing stars split in half

35. Where do stars form? a. in an empty section of space b. in a supernova
c. in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula
d. when existing stars split in half

36. What is solar wind? a. charged particles streaming toward the Sun
b. a wind pattern in Earth’s atmosphere caused by the air being warmed by the Sun
c. charged particles streaming away from the Sun
d. huge bubbles of gas ejected from the corona of the Sun

37. What is solar wind? a. charged particles streaming toward the Sun
b. a wind pattern in Earth’s atmosphere caused by the air being warmed by the Sun
c. charged particles streaming away from the Sun
d. huge bubbles of gas ejected from the corona of the Sun

38. A measure of the amount of the light given off by a star is its luminosity or _____.
a. apparent magnitude
b. absolute magnitude
c. position in space
d. size

39. A measure of the amount of the light given off by a star is its luminosity or _____.
a. apparent magnitude
b. absolute magnitude
c. position in space
d. size

40. A sequence of star colors from hottest to coolest is _____.
a. blue, yellow, orange, red
b. red, orange, yellow, blue
c. blue, red, yellow, orange
d. yellow, blue, orange, red

41. A sequence of star colors from hottest to coolest is _____.
a. blue, yellow, orange, red
b. red, orange, yellow, blue
c. blue, red, yellow, orange
d. yellow, blue, orange, red

42. A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is a star's _____.
a. apparent magnitude
b. absolute magnitude
c. position in space
d. size

43. A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is a star's _____.
a. apparent magnitude
b. absolute magnitude
c. position in space
d. size

44. White dwarves cast off hydrogen and helium as a planetary _____________. These gases can form new stars.
a. nebula
b. moon
c. star
d. fusion

45. White dwarves cast off hydrogen and helium as a planetary _____________. These gases can form new stars.
a. nebula
b. moon
c. star
d. fusion

46. As nuclear fusion occurs in a star, different elements are formed
As nuclear fusion occurs in a star, different elements are formed. In a _____________ these elements are released and then are able to combine to form different objects in the universe.
a. protostar
b. main sequence star
c. supernova
d. black hole

47. As nuclear fusion occurs in a star, different elements are formed
As nuclear fusion occurs in a star, different elements are formed. In a _____________ these elements are released and then are able to combine to form different objects in the universe.
a. protostar
b. main sequence star
c. supernova
d. black hole

48. _______causes cast off gases to clump together to begin forming new stars and planets.
a. Gravity
b. Fusion
c. Magnetism
d. Friction

49. _______causes cast off gases to clump together to begin forming new stars and planets.
a. Gravity
b. Fusion
c. Magnetism
d. Friction

50. Protostars will continue to contract and their cores become hotter and more dense until ________ begins and they become main-sequence stars.
a. nuclear fusion
b. rotation
c. gravity
d. black holes

51. Protostars will continue to contract and their cores become hotter and more dense until ________ begins and they become main-sequence stars.
a. nuclear fusion
b. rotation
c. gravity
d. black holes

52. 5
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

53. 5
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

54. 6
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

55. 6
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

56. 7
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

57. 7
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

58. 8
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

59. 8
a. chromosphere
b. convection zone
c. photosphere
d. radiative zone

60. Mary is describing the furthest distance between the planets Jupiter and Venus.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

61. Mary is describing the furthest distance between the planets Jupiter and Venus.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

62. Harold and Ralph are discussing the total distance traveled by a spaceship over the course of a long running popular science fiction show.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

63. Harold and Ralph are discussing the total distance traveled by a spaceship over the course of a long running popular science fiction show.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

64. Shauna and her mother are picking out the brightest stars in the sky on a camping trip far from the city.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

65. Shauna and her mother are picking out the brightest stars in the sky on a camping trip far from the city.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

66. An astronomer is using mathematical formulas to decide which of two stars would be brighter if he were able to go to a point the same distance from each of them.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity

67. An astronomer is using mathematical formulas to decide which of two stars would be brighter if he were able to go to a point the same distance from each of them.
a. apparent magnitude
b. astronomical unit
c. light-year
d. luminosity