2. Respiratory Quotient, its clinical importance and Balanced Diet

3. Energy requirement of a normal person
While calculating we should consider the energy required for
Maintenance of BMR
Thermogenic effect of food (SDA)
Extra energy expenditure for PA

4. SDA Values
Carbohydrates %
Protiens %
Fats %
Mixed Diet %

5. Physical Activity Level (PAL)
Energy required in kcal/hour
(over and above BMR)
1. Eating 28
2. Writing 30
3. Driving a car 63
4. Typing at high speed
100
5. Walking
140
6. Cycling
175
7. Running
490
8. Swimming
550

6. Energy Requirement and Occupation
Type of activity
Occupation
Light
Office workers, lawyers, accountants, doctors, teachers, architects, shopworkers
Moderate
Students, industry workers, farm workers, housewives without mechanical appliances
Very active
Agricultural workers, miners, unskilled laborers, athletes, factory workers
Heavy work
Lumber jacks, blacksmiths, and construction workers

7. Additional Calories to be added for each category to their normal BMR
Sedentary Work BMR+30 %
Moderate Work BMR+40 %
Heavy Work BMR +50%
Very Heavy Work BMR+70 %

8. Calculation for energy requirement for a 55 kg person doing moderate work
For BMR = 24 x 55 kg = 1320 kcal
+ For activity = 40% of BMR = 528 kcal
Subtotal = = 1848 kcal
+ Need for SDA = 1848 x 10% = 185 kcal
Total = = 2033 kcal
Round to nearest multiple of 50 = 2050 kcal

9. Proximate Principles Carbohydrates Fat Proteins Minerals Vitamins
Additional requirements for growth pregnancy lactation and convalescence are to be provided in the food.

10. Respiratory Quotient
When food is oxidized, whether in an open system or closed biological system, oxygen is consumed and CO2 produced.
Volume of CO2 produced
Volume of O2 consumed
= RQ
Ratio in steady state / Unit time

11. Carbohydrates are completely oxidized and the volume of O2 used is equal to CO2 produced
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
RQ =
6CO2
6O2
= 1

12. Fats
C57H104O O2  57 CO H2O
RQ = 57 = 0.71 80
Other fats have RQ  0.70

13. Using specialized technique the RQ is found to be 0.82
Proteins
RQ of proteins is a little complex to determine as it contain N & S in addition to C, H, O.
Using specialized technique the RQ is found to be

14. Alcohol
C2O5OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
RQ = 2/3 = 0.67

15. Human Use normally mix type of food
RQ of an intact person naturally will be the sum of RQ of all the three major type of food.
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

16. Ordinary mixed diet RQ = 0.85
Postabsorptive State
No food being consumed in preceding – 14 hours
RQ = 0.82

17. When diet is rich in Carbohydrates the RQ will be more close to one i
When diet is rich in Carbohydrates the RQ will be more close to one i.e. High
More fats = Lower RQ

18. Methods for determination of RQ of Man
Two method
Open Circuit
Closed Circuit

19. Open Circuit
Made to breath in a specially designed bag called Douglas Bag for few minutes
Volume of Breathed air is measured in a gasometer
Subjected to gas analyzer
Where CO2 is absorbed by KOH
Original volume of gas is reduced

20. Open Circuit Concentration of CO2 is calculated
Remaining gas is allowed to react with alkaline pyrogalate which absorb O2
O2 in the expired is found out
RQ is calculated volume of CO2
volume of O2

21. Remember that when rate of utilization of
fat increases in relation to carbohydrates, RQ falls.
Commonly seen in Diabetes mellitus
Utilization of carbohydrates increases RQ

22. BALANCED DIET

23. BALANCED DIET
Diet which provides all the five basic nutrients in a quantity which ensures healthy life is known as Balanced diet.
These are :
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins and
Minerals

24. The Food Pyramid

25. The Food Pyramid

26. Nutrient Pool

27. Water
Water of course is another important essential nutrient required for normal metabolism of all the essential five.

28. Water Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
Cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium
Water carries essential nutrients to cells
Water carries metabolic wastes away from cells
Hydrolysis & dehydration reaction
Stabilizes body temp

29. High-Sugar Diets
Calories adding to excess
Obesity
Dental caries