1. Chapter 9: Properties and Uses of Water

2. This picture shows the size of a sphere that would contain all of Earth's water in comparison to the size of the Earth. The blue sphere sitting on the United States, reaching from about Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas, has a diameter of about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) , with a volume of about 332,500,000 cubic miles (1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers). The sphere includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as groundwater, atmospheric water, and even the water in you, your dog, and your tomato plant. 2

3. An introduction to water

4. Importance of Water??

5. Other uses

6. Potentially Renewable Resource
Potentially Renewable: unless we oveload with slowly degradeable waste, withdraw faster than can be replentished.
97 % salt water/3% freshwater / .03% available in soil, groundwater,water vapor, lakes and streams
The demand for water has grown significantly over the last 50 years not only because of population growth, but also because of an increase in the uses of water for households, agriculture, and industrial production. At the same time, we must also prevent the further degradation of our water sources and clean up polluted waters.
A significant number of the world's population lack access to an adequate supply of safe water for household use. In certain less developed countries, more than one-half of the population is without access to safe water. Water shortages and polluted waters can lead to food insecurity and major health problems among the world's poor. Haves and have nots
Because water does not stop at national boundaries, the use of water upstream, pollution, and reduced flows will affect countries downstream. important, management policies must involve the interests of the local community in collaboration with national governments in order to protect water rights and ensure success of programs.
70% of water withdrawn is for irrigation to grow 40% of world food-85% of this not returned to source or is contaminated/20% industry/10% residential AFFLUENZA
Potentially Renewable Resource 6

7. Salt and water Water is never completely pure in nature
water dissolves many substances causes….
water pollution

8. surface water, runoff, groundwater, percolate
Aquifer: groundwater exists in the multitude of small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment.
Unconfined: water can flow in and out
Confined: impermeable layer of rock or clay impedes water flow to or from the aquifer
Water Table: uppermost level of groundwater; dynamic
Groundwater withdraw/mining: removal of water for agriculture and municipal use.
Wells-Cone of Depression: drilling to aquifer to tap water supply; if overpumped can cause near by wells to go dry.
Recharge: water from precipitation can percolate through soil and replace water that has been withdrawn.
surface water, runoff, groundwater, percolate
Wetland, watershed, floodplain 8

9. Zone of Saturation-depth at which all spaces are filled with water.
Watershed-drainage basin: geographic region determined by topography from which water drains into a lake, stream, wetland, reservoir.
Groundwater-water that percolates downward through space in rock and soil.
Zone of Saturation-depth at which all spaces are filled with water.
Water table-upper level of zone of saturation
Aquifer-porous water saturated layers of sand, gravel or rock. The water seeps or flows.
Recharge area-area of land through which water passes to aquifer.
WATER MOVES SLOWLY-FROM HIGH TO LOW ELEVATION (Gravity) rate of 3 feet per year.
Water Mining: withdraw of ground water for human use
OGALLALA AQUIFER 9

11. The Ogallala Aquifer was formed about 10 million years ago when water flowed onto the highly permeable sand and gravel of the plains from retreating glaciers and streams from the nearby Rocky Mountains. Because of climate change, changes due to erosion and the lack of glacial meltwater, today the Ogallala Aquifer is no longer being recharged by the Rockies.

12. Ogallala Aquifer

13. Main Water Uses 70% % %

14. HUMANITY and WATER

15. WATER STATISTICS

16. To produce 22 lbs of rice needs gallons of water
To produce /2lb burger requires gal of water
To produce 1 t shirt requires gal of water

17. Humans have tried to harness water
Levee system
general
New Orleans
Aqueducts
general
Los Angeles
Dams
general
Hoover Dam 17

18. Water and Humanity

19. Figure 14.13
Trade-offs: advantages (green) and disadvantages (orange) of large dams and reservoirs. The world’s 45,000 large dams (higher than 15 meters or 50 feet) capture and store 14% of the world’s runoff, provide water for almost half of all irrigated cropland, and supply more than half the electricity used by 65 countries. The United States has more than 70,000 large and small dams, capable of capturing and storing half of the country’s entire river flow. QUESTION: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Fig , p. 317 19

20. Last 50 years, 47,000 dams built worldwide
60+% of the rivers world wide have a dam on them

21. Three Gorge’s
Dam
FACTS
600 ft high
1.3 miles wide

22. Dams and Reservoirs Benefits: Disadvantages
Ensure year-round supply of water with regulated flow
Generate electricity
Provide recreational activities
Disadvantages
Alter the ecosystem
Reduce sediment load

23. video

24. Desalinization: Distillation and Reverse Osmosis http://www. youtube

26. Our Thirsty World

27. Water Use/Waste
-We withdraw more water now than ever-5 fold increase since 1950
-US has highest per capita use
-Globally:
70% to irrigate agricultural land
20% industry
10% domestic/household use

28. Figure 13.4: The top map shows the average annual precipitation and major rivers in the continental United States. The bottom map shows water-deficit regions in the continental United States and their proximity to metropolitan areas having populations greater than 1 million (shaded areas). Question: Why do you think some areas with moderate precipitation still suffer from water shortages? (Data from U.S. Water Resources Council and U.S. Geological Survey)
Fig. 13-4, p. 322 28

29. Figure 13.6: Natural capital degradation.
The world’s major river basins differ in their degree of water scarcity stress, the measurement of which is based on a comparison of the amount of water available with the amount used by humans (Concept 13-1B). Questions: If you live in a water-stressed area, what signs of stress have you noticed? In what ways, if any, has it affected your life? (Data from World Commission on Water Use in the 21st Century)
Fig. 13-6, p. 323 29

30. Agriculture
Ag output has kept up with irrigation because of large inputs-mostly water .
India, China, US, Pakistan account for more than half the irrigated land in the world.
Drip irrigation
irrigate at night
Monitor moisture with computer sensor
Line canals that transport water
Grow water efficient/drought tolerant crops
Hydroponics

31. Modern Marvels

32. Toilet flushing biggest user!
Industry
Generating electricity, cooling machinery, refining metals, manufacturing goods
Households
Toilet flushing biggest user!
1. Water saving toilet, shower head, washer/water-less composting toilets
2. Re-use gray water
3. Increase Price/ Full cost pricing / Remove subsidies
4. Fix water leaks 32

35. Emerging Water Shortages Reasons For Shortages Dry climate Drought
Too Many People
Waste
Lack of money to drill deep wells and water distribution systems
UN reports that 1.2 billion people -1 of 6-lack regular access to enough clean water
Diseases caused by unsanitary water kill 3 million per year
Effects: Environmental refuges, woman and children impacted, Rivers run dry, political conflict
D. Solutions 35