1. 3.1.3.1 Emergence of sport Learning objectives
To understand the characteristics of popular and rational recreation.
To identify how social-cultural factors affected sport pre and post industrial revolution.
To understand the development of association football, lawn tennis and athletics pre and post industrial revolution.
To be able to discuss the factors impacting on sport post World War II.

2. Emergence of modern day sport
Cricket  The English game originated in the sheep-raising country of the South East, where the short grass of the pastures made it possible to bowl or roll  a ball of rags or wool at a target.
That target was usually the wicket-gate of the sheep paddock, which was defended with a bat in the form of a shepherd's crooked staff.
Watch me
How did cricket originate?

3. Emergence of modern day sport
Volleyball  The sport of volleyball, originally called "mintonette", was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, following the   invention of basketball by only 4 years. Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA, styled the game to be a blend of basketball, baseball, tennis and handball.

4. Emergence of modern day sport
Golf The Romans played a game like golf by striking a feather stuffed ball with club shaped branches during the reign of Caesar. Golf was banned in Scotland in 1457. The oldest golf course is in Scotland, called St. Andrews, and it  was used as early as the 16th century. Golf became firmly established in Great Britain by the 17th century.

5. Sport development & Pre-industrial Britain
Popular recreation was pre-industrial sport mainly associated with the peasant or lower class.
Vocabulary:
Codification: the creation of rules and the enforcement of them.
Industrial revolution: This was a period in time where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport took place. It had a great effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the UK.

6. Sport development & Pre-industrial Britain
Photo by: © istock Photo
Think. Pair. Share - What do the pictures above show? What characteristics do they display?

7. Popular recreation – characteristics
Sport development & Pre-industrial Britain
Simple unwritten rules
Occasional events/ competitions held locally
Natural/ simple environment used
Popular recreation – characteristics
Rural
Violent, unruly & cruel
Wagering (illegal gambling) - A chance to go from rags to riches (for poor) or to show off (for rich)

8. Sport development & Pre-industrial Britain
Mob football was seen as an activity for the lower class peasants and real tennis for the upper class/gentry.
Occasionally different classes had different roles within the same activity.
i.e. a pedestrian – race walker or runner – was often lower class while his patron, or sponsor, was upper class.
This was also true of bare fist fighting or prize fighting.

9. Sport development & Pre-industrial Britain
Much Wenlock is home to the Wenlock Olympian Games. These famous games are thought to have inspired the modern Olympic Games
The games included a mixture of traditional games such as football and cricket, athletics, and other events to entertain the spectators including an Old Women’s Race and a Blindfolded Wheelbarrow Race. A band-led procession led officials, competitors and flag bearers down the streets of Much Wenlock to the field where the games would be held.

10. The impact of popular recreation on the two-tier class system
Summary of popular recreation for the upper and lower class.
Lower class
Upper class
Bathing and
swimming
Maintain health and key functional role for hygiene
Likely to increase skill and health
Football
Mob football was forceful rather than skilful; could be harmful with severe injuries and even fatalities.
Involvement unlikely
Cricket
As for upper class.
Outside & active during summer months, so a skilful game with potential to improve health.
Real Tennis
Not available to lower class, who played simple hand and ball games for recreation.
A skilful, potentially health-enhancing game for the elite.

11. Characteristics of Rational Recreation
This image is of a rational game of Association Football from 1892 (Old Carthusians v Charterhouse).
Think. Pair. Share – How does this game differ from that of mob version? What characteristics does it display?

12. Characteristics of Rational Recreation
Mob football Rational Recreation:
Regional and National governing bodies
Referees
Clearly defined roles in team
Skill and fitness rather than strength are key features.
Standardised game around the country with written rules
Not violent. Probably rougher than today, but control of player behaviour through rules.
Strict control of any gambling by players.

13. Characteristics of Rational Recreation
After the industrial revolution sport become more ‘rational’. There are 6 main factors to consider.
Rule based
Played Regularly
Respectable (an ethos of fair play started)
Played Regionally and nationally
Gambling controlled
Purpose built facilities

14. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
The development of rational recreation was influenced by numerous Socio-Cultural factors.
Urbanisation - As a result of the industrialisation there was an increase in number of people in towns and cities.
Lower classes migrated into newly formed cities which meant there was a loss of space. Sport facilities were built to accommodate the rise in rational sport.

15. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
Improved transport and communication – Development of roads, cars and the railway enabled better communication and travel. This allowed fixtures to be played across the country thus improving participation and increased the number of spectators who visited venues.

16. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
Influence of factories – Factory owners realised that sport could keep workers healthy and happy.
Better working conditions improved the hygiene of employees and working hours were made manageable. Workers were even entitled to days off and included a half day on Saturdays to play sport.

17. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
Money and provision - Middle class business and factory owners improved the provisions for recreation and sport through an increased injection of money.
Owners of businesses set up teams and paid for new purpose built facilities.

18. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
Influence of the church – The changing views of the church now meant they believed that rational recreation and sport could promote Christian principles rather than mob versions.
The values of the church was seen as a way to counter crime and vices that were reported in towns and cities.
Some professional football clubs originated from church teams.
e.g. Aston Villa, Birmingham & Bolton.

19. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
The development of rugby and football was based on the Christian principle of athleticism and muscular Christianity. .
These provided a sense of discipline and moral responsibility amongst the working class.

20. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
The gender and the changing status of women – The role of women in society during the pre-industrial period was restricted to family and raising of children.
This status began to change over time and more women were encouraged to get involved in sport.
Social class – The emergence of the middle class in sport was influential in developing rules and governing bodies. Their change in attitudes, tastes, manners and expectations toward rational recreation was key.

21. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
The status of amateur and professional – Amateurs played sport for the love of it and therefore was suited solely to the upper class. The lower class professionals were paid to play to compensate for missing work. This was called broken time payments.
Many of the lower class professionals tended to be better than the amateurs as they trained to win and winning was important to maintain a livelihood. For the upper class amateurs winning was unimportant.

22. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
The characteristics and impact on sport post industrial revolution can be seen through developments in association football, lawn tennis and athletics.
1. Association Football
Football Association formed in Following the formation of the FA, football became both an amateur game for gentlemen and a professional game for the ‘people’ (working class)
Organised/codified — violence controlled.
Encouraged by middle class, more respectable.

23. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
Association Football
Spectator provision (It soon became clear, that football was a regular spectator attraction rather than an annual festival occasion)
Played regularly, regionally and nationally.
More free time (e.g. Saturday afternoons)
Increased income/higher wages

24. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
2. Lawn Tennis
Encouraged middle-class women to participate.
Privacy — could be played in private gardens and clubs
Kit — could be played in everyday clothes, maintaining modesty
Physicality — skill, not force, was important, so ‘decorum’ could be maintained
Courtship — mixed-sex activity
Socially acceptable — non-combat, ladylike, garden party atmosphere

25. Post-industrial Britain and the impact on sport
3. Athletics
Emergence of track and field as a new form of ‘urban festival’
Running became a source of income for the lower classes (professionalism)
By the mid-nineteenth century, more stringent time keeping/record keeping had emerged.
Upper and middle classes wanted to separate themselves from professionalism and its associated gambling and cheating, which led them to form their own ‘exclusive’ athletics clubs (e.g. AAC)

26. Post World War II and sport
Sport is big business and the relationship between commercialisation, media and sport is a close one.
Sport
Commercialisation
Media
This ‘Golden Triangle’ suggests sport uses media to gain viewers and commercial businesses pay money to access a sporting audience.

27. Post World War II and sport
Initial developments occurred in the nineteenth century as spectator sports emerged. The mass population needed entertaining and with increasing free time and disposable money spectating became popular.
Entertainment value was exploited by regular sporting events (promoters/agents emerged).
Sport is now a global product. As a ‘high-profile’ sport, Football attracts massive media interest and huge sponsorship deals.

28. Post World War II and sport
From the 1950’s onwards social class and the amateur and professional split was slowly broken down. Amateurs in many sports such as cricket and rugby, that were typically middle class, began to involve people from working class backgrounds.
21st century sport now has very little social divide.
Amateurs tend to have a lower status than modern day professionals.

29. Post World War II and sport
Rugby Union vs Rugby League – In 1896, The amateurs split from the professional and grouped in the south to play rugby union while the professional working class played rugby league in the industrial northern towns.
This lasted almost 100 years with rugby union regarded as one of the strictest adherents to the amateur code. In 1996 the Union game turned professional.
Think. Pair. Share – Why was this the case?

30. Why did Rugby Union turn professional?
Post World War II and sport
Money enabled the NGB;s to promote the game worldwide.
Needed to be able to survive commercially.
Why did Rugby Union turn professional?
Players realised they could be paid an income if they turned to the professional game.
To provide funds for coaching, competitions and facilities.

31. Post World War II and sport
Emergence of female athletes and officials – the gap between elite male and female sport participation is still large. It is still regarded by some people that for females to be interested in sport is somehow ‘unfeminine’.
Male sport still dominates sport coverage and the media.
Think. Pair. Share – What sport/s have a high level of media coverage? Why doesn’t all female sport have this level of interest?

32. Post World War II and sport
Women’s participation and successes have been in rugby, football, tennis and cricket.
There are an increasing number of role models for others to aspire towards and there are fewer instances of discrimination.
Think. Pair. Share – Discuss whether female referees should officiate men’s games.

33. Emergence of sport Apply it! What has stuck with you?
Explain what is meant by rational recreation
Describe the characteristics of mob football.
Identify as many socio-cultural reasons for the development of sport in the post-industrial period ( )
Describe the golden triangle.
Emergence of sport
Photos by: LOCOG

34. Practice it!
Exam questions
Which one of the following terms best describes a professional performer? [1 mark]
A One who believes ‘the end justifies the means’
B One who participates in sport ‘for the love of it’
C One who receives direct payment for their participation in
sporting activities
D One who receives no payment for competing in sport

35. Practice it! Exam questions
2. Explain two characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis.
[4 marks]

36. Practice it! Exam questions
3. The Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football.
Explain how they achieved this and their reasons for encouraging the development of football [8 marks]

37. Practice it! Marks Scheme: C
Played regularly (1) because the players had more time to play (1). Middle class development (1) due to involvement in creation of clubs/NGB (1). Highly structured/skills/tactics (1) due to the rationalisation of tennis (1). Equipment and facilities available to play (1) for example played in suburban gardens/manufacturing of equipment for purchase (1). Social game (1) meant that both sexes could play together as it was considered a suitable activity for females.

38. Practice it! Marks Scheme: 3. AO1 – Knowledge
Identified reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football –simple statement, eg [How] the Church gave its approval by creating teams. The Church teams were organised by the clergy for parishioners to play, they also provided facilities to play, e.g. land. [Why] the Church encouraged the game because it was a form of rational recreation and because it was a better form of the sport than mob games. It promoted muscular Christianity.
AO2 – Application
Applied explanation for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, e.g. in order to attract more people to Church, the Church created and encouraged football teams. They organised football matches to counter the vices that were reported in towns and cities. It gave an opportunity for the clergy to come into contact with the wider community.
AO3 – Analysis
Linked explanation of reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, e.g. the Church encouraged the rational form of football because it had been given rules; by encouraging playing to the rules this would improve the morals of the working classes and act as a form of social control. Meaning that less time was spent drinking, promoting muscular Christianity amongst the working classes.