1. Protein Synthesis
The formation of proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA. (Gene expression)

2. Flow of Genetic Information

3. Ribonucleic Acid 3 Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)- Carries the instructions from DNA (group of 3 nitrogen bases called codon)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)- Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon).
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Make up Ribosomes

4. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries the instructions from DNA
Group of 3 nitrogen bases are called a codon

5. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon).

6. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Make up Ribosomes

7. Difference between DNA & RNA
Both
RNA
Deoxyribose Sugar
Nucleic Acid
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen base T
Nucleotide
-Phosphate group
-Sugar
- Nitrogen Base (A, C, G)
Nitrogen base U
Double Strand
Genetic Info
Single Strand
1 Type
3 Types
(MRNA, tRNA & rRNA)

8. 1st step to Protein Synthesis- TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
The process by which ______ is made from part of the ______ sequence that codes for a protein (gene)
Transcription is taking the original (master) blueprint DNA and making _______ in the form of RNA
This RNA blueprint will be used to assemble _________
DNA
copies
proteins

9. Steps of Transcription
An ______, RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule at the region of the gene that is being transcribed
Free _____________ form base pairs with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA strand
mRNA threads away and the _____ strand rejoins
mRNA leaves the _______ and goes to the cytoplasm (__________)
enzyme
DNA - RNA
A U
T A
C G
G C
RNA nucleotides
DNA
nucleus
ribosome

10. Transcription

11. A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an ___________ (building blocks of protein)
Think of the ______ as the drawings on the blueprint for the genetic code
amino acid
codon

12. What would the RNA strand read if the DNA strand read:
AGC TAA CCG
UCG AUU GGC

13. 2nd step in Protein Synthesis- TRANSLATION
mRNA
Use the codon of _______ to specify the sequence of amino acids to build a _____
It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to be read
The Blueprint (______) is sent to the construction site (________)
Decoding of the genetic instructions
protein
mRNA
ribosome

14. Steps of Translation ______ arrives at the Ribosome
tRNA __________ are complementary to the mRNA ________
tRNA picks up an __________ and delivers the amino acid to the ___________
Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains, to form ______, held together with peptide bonds
mRNA
Codon Anti-codon
mRNA tRNA
A U
U A
G C
anti-codons
codon
amino acid
ribosome
proteins

15. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Video

16. Mutations

17. Mutation
GENETIC MUTATIONS (pp ) A mutation is a________________________. Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are _________, and others may be very ____________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the ______________ of the entire chromosome or a change in the total ____________ of chromosomes. Does not alter individual ________. These errors generally occur during _____________ or ____________.
change in the DNA sequence
silent
beneficial
structure
number
genes
mitosis
meiosis

18. Chromosomal Mutations

19. Gene Mutations:
A gene mutation is a change in one gene on an individual chromosome. This may result in a change in only one _________ or many nucleotides making up that gene might be altered. The incidence of gene mutations is relatively low due to the action of _________ that _________ the DNA sequence after __________.There are two types of gene mutations:
nucleotide
enzymes
proofread
replication

20. Point Mutations – This is a change in one or just a few ___________, but the total number of nucleotides in the gene is not changed. This might have no effect, or change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting ________ may or may not be altered.
2. Frameshift Mutations – This involves the __________ or __________ of a ____________. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the remainder of the ________; therefore, the ___________ of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the _______________ chain and completed protein.
nucleotides
protein
addition
deletion
nucleotide
codons
translation
amino acid

21. Gene Mutations