1. RNA

2. I. RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Used to make proteins
Made from DNA template

3. IV. Proteins Made up of amino acids
Proteins do most things in cells and organisms
Peptide bonds hold amino acids together to build a protein and are VERY STRONG

4. III. Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – used for protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – makes up ribosomes

5. Transcription “DNA  mRNA”

6. RNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA is made from DNA PROCESS:
DNA molecules unzip due to RNA polymerase (RP)
RP pulls in the proper RNA nucleotide to match the DNA strand (use U (Uracil) instead of T (Thymine).
mRNA leaves the nucleus and the DNA rezips

8. Practice DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT Comp. DNA mRNA
DNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT

9. Translation “mRNA  protein”

10. RNA v. DNA RNA DNA Single strand Double strand Nitrogen base uracil
Ribose sugar
DNA
Double strand
Nitrogen base thymine
Deoxyribose sugar

11. TRANSLATION
Making proteins from mRNA
Occurs in the cytoplasm

12. Codon
- 3 base pair from mRNA
- ex) AUG
tRNA
- brings amino acid that has an anticodon which pairs to the codon from mRNA

13. Genetic Code used to TRANSLATE the codon to an amino acid Start codon
- AUG (methionine)
Stop codons
- UAA, UAG, UGA

14. Translation

15. Genectic Code

16. Summary Replication: DNA copies itself DNA  DNA
Transcription: DNA makes mRNA Translation: mRNA makes proteins

17. Practice Original DNA AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG CGA Replicate:
Transcribe: DNA  mRNA
Translate : DNA  proteins

18. DNA Technology

19. DNA Fingerprint
- pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual’s DNA
- banding patterns can be compared to see whether they are related
Gel Electrophoresis
- process which separates fragments of DNA by separating the nucleic acids and proteins according to their size and shape

21. Mutations

22. Mutations Mutation- change in DNA Most are minor. Some are harmful.
 Some are lethal.
 Some mutations are helpful.

23. Gene mutations: Point mutation - a change in a single base in DNA.
2. Frameshift mutation - the addition or deletion of a base

25. Mutagens Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation. Examples:
UV Radiation
Chemicals
X-Rays
High temperatures
Viruses