1. Some considerations of raw materials application in aquaculture feeds.By
Prasert Smithiwongsa

2. FEED RAW MATERIALS ANIMAL PROTEIN
* FISH MEAL, POULTRY MEAL, MEAT&BONE MEAL,SQUID
MEAL,KRILL MEAL,DRIED WHOL EGG, etc.
PLANT PROTEIN
* SOYBEAN MEAL,CORN GLUTEN MEAL,SUNFLOWER MEAL,
CANOLA MEAL,WHEAT GLUTEN, etc.
CEREALS,CARBOHYDRATE
* RICE,CORN,WHEAT, CASSAVA,SORGHUM, etc.
CEREALS BY-PRODUCTS
* RICE BRAN,WHEAT BRAN, DISTILL DRIED GRAINS, etc

3. FEED RAW MATERIALS (2) FAT & OIL
* FISH OIL, SQUID OIL,SOYBEAN OIL,PALM
OIL,LARD,TALLOW, etc.
MINERAL
* DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE,CALCIUM CARBONATE,FERROUS
SULPHATE, etc.
VITAMIN
* VITAMIN A, VITAMIN D3, VITAMIN E,
RIBOFLAVIN,BOITIN, etc.
FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT
* PELLET BINDER,ANTIOXIDANT,IMMUNE
STIMULANT,COLOR ENHANCER, etc.

4. Frequently asked question
Q :What is the inclusion level of this Perfect Ingredient in shrimp/fish feed ?
A : No perfect answer or equation for this question, exactly. Any answers are only roughly idea or guideline.
Answer is ; back to the basic of nutrition and try to understand it, then the answer will appear.

5. Basic nutrients requirement
Proteins & amino acids
Lipids or Fats & fatty acids
Carbohydrates
- Starches
- Soluble fibers
- Non-soluble fibers
Vitamins
Minerals

6. Extra nutrients requirement
Immune stimulants
Antioxidants
Pigments
Enzymes
Attractants

7. For what ? Maintenance. Growth. Reproductive. Survival
Health & Immune system

8. Protein Most expensive in aqua feed.
Proteins are formed by linkages of amino acids
200 amino acids occur in nature.
20 amino acids are common.
10 amino acids are essential.

9. Essential amino acids (cannot synthesized by shrimp/fish)
- methionine arginine
- threonine tryptophane
- histidine isoleucine
- lysine leucine
- valine phenylalanine
*Lysine and Methionine: first limiting amino acids

10. Protein levels in aqua feed
8-25 % CP., herbivorous fish.
20-35 % CP., omnivorous fish , white shrimp.
25-50 % CP., carnivorous fish , black tiger shrimp.
Many species of fish and shrimp are cultured with difference protein & amino acids requirements.
Only 1 feed formula cannot serve every species economically.

11. Protein Requirements Factors
age
culture system
water temperature
water quality
Genetic
Feeding rate& feeding frequency
Energy level in feed

12. Lipids High energy nutrients Spare energy with protein
Twice the energy from protein or carbohydrates
Supply essential fatty acids (EFA)
Transporter of fat-soluble vitamins

13. Fatty acids requirement
Fatty acids of omega 3 and 6
Saturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA,>2 double bonds)
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA,>4 double bonds)
Marine Fish Oil is the excellent source of lipids for shrimp/fish feed.

14. Fatty acids requirement(2)
Marine fish& shrimp : Fatty acids n-3 HUFA requirement ; % of dry feed.
Two major EFA; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3)
Fresh water fish : require more 18:3-n3 linolenic acid ; %

15. Carbohydrates Starch, sugar & fiber.
Most inexpensive nutrients/ingredients.
Source of energy.
Binding activity in feed.
Texture in extrusion for floating pellet.
Texture in pelleting for water stability.
Food for friendly bacteria in GI tract.
Stored as glycogen (energy stock).

16. Carbohydrate sources RICE CORN WHEAT CASSAVA SORGHUM RICE BRAN
WHEAT BRAN

17. Vitamins Organic compounds necessary for growth & health.
Not synthesized by shrimp/fish.
Water soluble vitamins; vitamin C ,vitamin B, choline, inositol,folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin for antioxidants and immune system.
Fat-soluble vitamins; vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K for vision ,bone antioxidant and blood clotting.

18. Minerals Inorganic elements necessary for body function.
Macro minerals; Na, Cl, K , Ca, P.
Micro minerals; Cu, Zn, I, Se, Cr, Fe.
Organic minerals have higher bioavailability.

19. Protein sources Animal proteins ; fish meal.
Plant proteins ; soybean meal.
Single cell proteins ; yeast.

20. Fish Meal is a key. World production decrease.
The most expensive ingredients.
High inclusion level in aqua feed.
The highest protein quality for animals; the best amino acids profile, high soluble protein & amino acids, high palatability/attractability, high digestibility.

21. What is fish meal function?
Supply proteins & amino acids.
Essential fatty acids.
Cholesterol.
Phospholipid.
Minerals.
Soluble substances as attractant.
Feed texture.

22. Cholesterol in fish : Fernando Norambuena, et al.2013

23. Partition of lipids in Capelin into Fish Meal and Oil
Partition of lipids in Capelin into Fish Meal and Oil. Urdahl,N and Nygaard,E.(1970)
Capelin,
whole
Meal
Oil
Total lipids,% of DM. 32 13
100
Neutral lipids,% of total lipids 77 60 97
Phospholipids,% of Total lipids 16 24 1
Fatty Acid
14:00
6.7
4.5
8.1
16:00
11.3
15.9 9
18:00
1.3 2
1.1
16:01
8.2
7.6
8.7
18:01
17.3
17.4
20:01
20.5 10
24.9
22:01
15.6
7.1
19.5
20:5 n-3
5.3
10.5
2.9
20:6 n-3
7.4
17.9
1.7
Total n-6
1.5
1.4
Total n3
15.3
31.6
6.3

24. Attractive compounds in Fish.
extracted from fish flesh by water or water-based solutions. 
substances in this group have comparatively small molecules .
the most important extractives in fish include sugars, free amino acids .
contribute generally to the flavour of fish, some of them, known as volatiles, contribute directly to the flavours and odours characteristic .
most of the extractives are present at very low concentrations .
We call : Attractants
Remarked: substitute Fish Meal with plant protein = lower feed intake.

25. Mineral constituents of fish muscle : FAO
Element
average value1
range
mg/100g
sodium 72
30-134
potassium
278
19-502
calcium
792
19-881
magnesium 38
4·5-452
phosphorus
190
68-550
sulphur
191
iron
1·55
1-5·6
chlorine
197
3·761
silicon 4 -
manganese
0·823
0· ·2
zinc
0·96
0·23-2·1
copper
0·20
0·001-3·7
arsenic
0·37
0·24-0·6
iodine
0·15
0·0001-2·73

26. Vitamins A and D in fish : FAO
Species
vitamin A
vitamin D
oil content
I.U./g
% of liver
a. flesh of:
herring
20-400
300-1,000
mackerel
50-200
100-1,000
salmon, Pacific
70-500
cod
200-10,000
20-300
50-75
halibut
2, ,000
550-20,000
15-20
3,600-10,000 10
2, ,000
750-1,000
salmon
5,000-20,000
tuna
40, ,000
16,000-30,000

27. B vitamins in fish : FAO Species or Product thiamine riboflavin niacin
Pantothenic acid
biotin B1 B2
µg/g
cod
0-7
0-8 20
1·7
0-01
0·03
0·5-1·8
0·2-1·6
15-23
1·2-2·8
0·002-0·011
0·8-3·1
halibut
0·7
0·8 60
4·0
0·01
2·5
0·05
0·3-1·2
0·4-1·8
30-110
1·1-5·5
0·007-0·009
1·5-3·6
0·03-0·08
herring
0·4
3·0 40
4·5
0·1
100
0·1-1·3
0·9-3·3
20-63
3·5-4·2
0·08-0·14
9·3-9·7
0·09-0·16
mackerel
1·0
3·5 75
7·5
10·0
0·07
0·2-2·0
1·6-6·6
41-114
5·0-8·9
0·02-0·13
9·7-10·9
0·06-0·08
salmon
2·0
1·5 70
1·4-2·4
0·6-2·2
54-88
6·0-9·8
shrimp
0-2
0·3 25
0·1-0·5
0·1-0·7
0·1-0·6
1·2-3·8
white fish meal
2·5-3·9
5·9-13·5
44-46
2·7-11·2
5·6-11·8

28. Why do not use fresh fish?
Preservation ? Spoilage.
Wharehouse ? Refrigerator.
Transportation? Moisture content >75%.

29. Composition of Herring.
Species
Scientific name
water
fat
protein2 %
herring
Clupea harengus
60-80
0·4-22·0
16·0-19·0
-, whole
57-79
0·8-24·9
14-18
source: FAO.

30. Key for Fish Meal replacement.
Any raw materials to replace Fish Meal,
must contain the same composition
( nutrients & levels) and function.
If yes, the same performance will show for
ADG , FCR and Survival rate.

31. We must know every nutrients & function of every ingredients.
Animal Protein:
FISH MEAL (difference quality).
POULTRY MEAL,
MEAT&BONE MEAL
BLOOD MEAL
FEATHER MEAL,
SQUID MEAL,
KRILL MEAL,
DRIED WHOL EGG, etc.
Which one can replace fish meal ?

32. We must know every nutrients & function of every ingredients.(2)
Plant Proteins:
SOYBEAN MEAL
CORN GLUTEN MEAL
SUNFLOWER MEAL
CANOLA MEAL
WHEAT GLUTEN
DDGS
etc
Which one can replace fish meal ?

33. Fish meal replacement result
If not, some other nutrients or ingredients must be added.
Do we need addition of these nutrients:
Synthetic amino acids.
Fish oil
DHA , EPA , HUFA.
Phospholipids
Cholesterols
Attractants
Etc.
The answer is must!!!!!

34. Partial replacement of fish meal by porcine meat meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) j.aquaculture
with 0, 25, 35, 45, 55 or 65% replacement of fish meal with PMM on a protein basis
Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when PMM inclusion was 26.18% or greater
significant negative relationship was observed between growth response and the level of fish meal protein replacement
Methionine content decreased as PMM inclusion levels increased, consequently compromising growth performance

35. Partial replacement of fish meal by porcine meat meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) j.aquaculture (cont.)
Dry feed intake (DFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were unaffected by fish meal replacement levels
protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest PMM inclusion level
with higher PMM inclusion (D-35 to D-65) had a significantly lower ADMD range
acceptable alternative animal protein source that can replace up to 35% of fish meal protein

36. substituted for menhaden fish meal on an iso-nitrogenous basis
Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei :D.Allen DavisC.R.Arnold
co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal (CEPM) and flashed dried poultry by-product meal (FD-PBM)
substituted for menhaden fish meal on an iso-nitrogenous basis
Inclusion levels ranged from 0 (30 g fish meal /100 g diet) to 80% replacement (6 g fish meal/100 g diet)
CEPM resulted in equivalent values for final weight, percent weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) and a significant increase in protein conversion efficiency (PCE)

37. increase in PCE when FD-PBM was included in the diet
Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei :D.Allen DavisC.R.Arnold (cont.)
replacement of 40%, 60%, and 80% of the fish-meal protein in the basal diet with FD-PBM resulted in a significant increase in weight gain and FE
increase in PCE when FD-PBM was included in the diet
survival, FE, and PCE values were either improved or were not significantly influenced by the replacement of menhaden fish meal with either CEPM or FD-PBM
these products can be used to reduce the fish-meal content of practical diets from 30 to 6 g/100 g dry wt.

38. Crystalline amino acid can be used in shrimp & fish
Practical supplementation of shrimp and fish feeds with crystalline amino acids:j.aquaculture
Met and Lys are most limiting EAAs in plant protein ingredients, such as soy and corn based meals
The dietary Met requirements for fish and shrimp range from 0.5 to 1.5% and from 0.7 to 0.9% of the diet
Lys requirements 1.2% to 3.3% of the diet for fish and from 1.6 to 2.1% of the diet for shrimp.
Crystalline amino acid can be used in shrimp & fish

39. use of microbial biomass
Effective use of microbial biomass products to facilitate the complete replacement of fishery resources in diets for the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon : j.aquaculture
use of microbial biomass
replacement of fishmeal resulted in a consistent decline in growth performance indicating that at every decrease in fishmeal below an inclusion level of 45% there was a decline in performance (Clear water tank)
a green-water tank system not only produced similar results, but also showed that the green-water system largely compensated for the performance lost through replacement of fishmeal and fish oil

40. Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions:j.aquaculture
varying levels of fish meal (9, 6, 3, and 0%)
replaced by a combination of increasing levels of soybean meal (32.5, 34.9, 37.2 and 39.6% respectively) and corn gluten meal (0.0, 1.7, 3.2, and 4.8% respectively)
no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in shrimp production among the test diets
final yield 5363–6548 kg ha− 1, final weight 18.4–20.7, feed conversion ratio 1.38–1.12 survival values 84.0–94.0%,

41. Replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal and mineral supplements in diets of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water :j.aquaculture
Replacing fishmeal with soybean meal affects the osmoregulation and tissue mineralization of shrimp in low-salinity water.
Formulating practical low-fishmeal diets should balance mineral composition
soybean meal replacement of 60% fishmeal of FMN with various mineral supplements
mineral supplements were based on dietary requirements of L. vannamei
the growth performance, serum osmotic pressure, gill ATPase activity and tissue mineralization of Ca and P of shrimp were significantly negatively affected by the replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal

42. Replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal and mineral supplements in diets of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water :j.aquaculture (cont.)
With proper mineral supplementation, the growth performance, muscle protein and lipid deposition, and osmoregulation of shrimp fed diets high in soybean meal were markedly improved
shrimp fed high soybean protein diets with supplementation of minerals had similar tissue mineralization to those fed high fishmeal diets
high soybean meal diets need to be supplemented with minerals to compensate for the negative effects of their mineral composition on L. vannamei reared in low-salinity water.

43. Partial replacement of fish-meal by soy protein concentrate and soybean meal based protein blend for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei:j.aquaculture
5% fishmeal can obtain the similar growth performance with 25% fishmeal.
Amino acids and minerals contents in the whole body were influenced by fish-meal replacement.
Anti-oxidative ability and immune response would be harmed after fishmeal replacement
soybean meal based protein blend was used to replace fish-meal, amino acids were supplemented in the low fish-meal diet to get similar amino acid profile as the high fish-meal diet
Weight gain, survival, feed conversion rate (FCR), feed intake and protein efficiency ratio (PER) did not show any significant differences
Alanine ratio in whole body were higher in shrimp fed high fish-meal diets while arginine decreased with the increasing fish-meal levels

44. Partial replacement of fish-meal by soy protein concentrate and soybean meal based protein blend for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei:j.aquaculture (conti.2)
Fe content in whole body was significantly lower in shrimp fed the low fish-meal diets
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mg were equal in all the treatments, while ADC of Fe decreased with the decreasing fish-meal levels
When dietary fish-meal decreased, the anti-oxidant related enzymes activity (Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and Catalase (CAT)). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was unaffected by treatments. Nitric oxide (NO) contents in hemolymph significantly decreased
Alanine ratio in whole body were higher in shrimp fed high fish-meal diets while arginine decreased with the increasing fish-meal levels

45. Partial replacement of fish-meal by soy protein concentrate and soybean meal based protein blend for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei:j.aquaculture (conti.3)
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mg were equal in all the treatments, while ADC of Fe decreased with the decreasing fish-meal levels
indicated that growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients were not affected when fish-meal was replaced from 25% to 5%, but anti-oxidative ability and immune response were damaged after fish-meal level decreased to 15%.
The results of this manuscript contribute to the commercial feed industry of white shrimp, it will be helpful in fish meal replacement, which is very important to the sustainable development of aquaculture

46. ADCs were determined using 0.5% Cr2O3.
Growth and apparent digestibility of nutrients, fatty acids and amino acids in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets with rice protein concentrate as total and partial replacement of fish meal:j.aquaculture
replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal (FM) with rice protein concentrate (RPC),
ADCs were determined using 0.5% Cr2O3.
0, 25 and 50% replacements had similar weight increase
specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), whereas all the above parameters declined significantly (P < 0.05) as the dietary RPC levels increased above 50%.
Survival was high (≥ 95%) and similar for all diets.
decreasing trend in ADC for crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy and amino acid (AA) was observed when the RPC level increased
highest digestibility values were obtained in the FM diet
suggest that RPC can be a potential candidate for FM replacement up to 50%; reduced growth performance was mostly a consequence of reduced digestible nutrients as the RPC level was increased in the diet

47. Concept of replacements
Focus on the function of ingredient being replaced.
Select the ingredients which can serve the same functions.
Replace with more than one single ingredients should be better to cover the same nutrients profiles and bioavailability.
Minimized the antinutritive factors from the new introduced ingredients.

48. Amino acids in ingredients VS required in Monodon diet
Amino acids in ingredients VS required in Monodon diet. :Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991), 38% CP. Diet. ,(amino acid of RM is % of RM)
Req.Monodon
(%in diet)
FM 50%
FM62%
M&B 52%
PBM60%
CGM
SBM 48%
Arginine
2.2
4.04
3.68
3.5
4.29
1.81
3.45
Histidine
0.8
1.29
1.53
1.1 1
1.16
1.21
Isoleucine
1.32
2.45
3.03
1.3
1.92
2.84
2.09
Leucine
2.05
4.37
4.82
3.47
3.49
11.76
3.53
Lysine
2.01
4.13
4.81
2.91
3.77
0.97
2.76
Methionine
0.91
1.37
1.9
0.58
0.71
1.27
0.64
Phenylalanine
1.52
2.39
2.66
1.88
1.98
4.18
2.36
Threonine
2.55
2.69
1.66
2.47
2.12
1.72
Valine
2.92
3.34
2.34
2.33
3.11
2.15

49. Amino acids in ingredients VS required in Monodon diet
Amino acids in ingredients VS required in Monodon diet. :Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991), 38% CPt

50. Commercial Idea example :Superior High Protein Replacement for Fishmeal ( from Advertising)
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51. Commercial Idea example :Superior High Protein Replacement for Fishmeal ( from Advertising)
FeedKind® Protein
Fishmeal
% Protein
71%
60-72%
% Fat
10%
6-10%
% Fiber
<1%
% Ash 7%
10-15%
Shelf Life
>12 months
3-9 months

52. Thank You to believe Me.