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Creating an Empire,
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Main Points Origins of Empire Debates and the Context
Spanish-American War Cuba, Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico China and the Open Door Latin America
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Terms and Definitions Empire Imperialism
a major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority; the territory of such a political unit; something resembling a political empire; an extensive territory or enterprise under single domination or control Imperialism the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas; the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence
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Origins of Empire Unification & Westward Expansion
Race & Views of Indians Railroads and national markets Search for resources and markets abroad Economic competition lead to territorial acquisition U.S. policy makers debated American power globally
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The Global Context European Empires A Shrinking World
Explorations Railroads Telephones Canals Competition for resources and trade
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Debating Empire Henry Cabot Lodge (R) “a record of conquest, colonization, and territorial expansion unequalled by any people in the 19th century.” Formal vs. Informal Empire Rationales for Imperialism Racism and Social Darwinism Righteousness Mahanism Economics
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Early Policy-makers Secretaries of State William Seward 1861-69
East Asian Trade & Caribbean hegemony Alaska 1867 Open Japan to American goods James G. Blaine Caribbean bases Panama canal
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Hawaii & the Pacific Sovereign nation
Missionaries, sugar, Dole Corporation Military Base 1880s Trade Tariff Attempted coup 1893 Senate rejected it
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Spanish-American-Cuban War
Growing U.S. Power in Hemisphere Declining Spanish Power Cuban independence movement Jose Martí U.S. business interests President McKinley wavered Yellow Journalism
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Propaganda
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Propaganda
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War and Occupation “Treachery” Manhood, honor, race April 25, 1898
Teller Amendment Roosevelt and his “Rough Riders” Treaty
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The U.S. in the Caribbean 1899 Treaty
Cuba, Puerto Rico & Guam go to the U.S Platt Amendment Puerto Rico: taxation and citizens but not represented in Congress Guam is a “territorial possession”
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Philippines Part of larger U.S.-Spanish conflict Independence Movement
1899 Treaty Emiliano Aguinaldo Native Resistance 70,000 U.S. troops Formal control after 1902 10 yrs conflict Tactics from Indian Wars
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Propaganda
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The American Empire McKinley, “We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California, It is Manifest Destiny.” 1898 Congress and McKinley approved annexation of Hawaii Anti-Imperialist League
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Rhodes vs. Uncle Sam
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U.S. and Asia Open Door Policy Spheres of Influence
Forced China to open markets to Americans and Europeans Opposed nationalist Boxer Rebellion Spheres of Influence Permanent part of American foreign policy
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U.S. and Latin America 20 interventions Economic imperialism
Panama Canal Columbia rejected U.S. Coup and intervention Roosevelt Corollary Police Power Control debt and economy Regulate foreign affairs
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Dollar Diplomacy William H. Taft Economic influence
Financial dependence Influence politics Intervention to protect “U.S. Interests” from anything “threatening” profits, including the domestic democratic reform efforts of countries U.S. has invested in. Alliances with conservative and military forces to “maintain law and order”
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U.S.-Mexico Relations Fluid Border Mexican Revolution
100,000’s crossed over Fled upheaval 1915 Plan de San Diego Texas Rangers, Anglos kill nearly 5,000 along border
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Border Disputes Revolution and impact on El Paso & Juárez Pancho Villa
Weapons and support Villa into Columbus, Mexico 1917 closed down border to immigrants
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Mexican Interventions
U.S. troops to Veracruz to stop German weapons, twice General Pershing Chased Pancho Villa into Mexico U.S. & Mexico almost went to war
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Conclusions Origins of Imperialism American Empire-Building
Race, religion, economics, strategic goals Roosevelt Corollary Shaped foreign policy today
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