1. Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction and Levels of Organization

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: A branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts
Physiology: The functions of body parts
Anatomists rely on observation and dissection, while physiologists employ experimentation.

3. Characteristics of Life
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms.
1. Movement (internal or gross)
2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)
3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape)
4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

4. 5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 6
5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms) 7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids) 8. Circulation (movement within body fluids) 9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms) 10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

5. Homeostasis:
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.
Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common.
Examples include:
a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat.
b. Another homeostatic mechanism employs pressure- sensitive receptors to regulate blood pressure.

7. Negative Feedback
Many of the body's homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms.
Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range; normal ranges can vary from one individual to the next.

9. Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

10. Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs
Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position

11. Orientation and Directional Terms

12. Orientation and Directional Terms

13. Orientation and Directional Terms

15. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

16. Body Planes and Sections

17. IN Groups of 2 Pick 4 different body parts/organs
Using the terms you just learned think how you could get your partner to guess what the body parts are one at a time.
Alternate turns.
You can use your notes if you want.
Work on using your new voc words to help explain what your body parts are.

18. Characteristics of Life
Movement: Self initiated change in direction, traveling through space, movement of internal organs
Responsiveness: Stimulus/response, stimuli can be either internal or external

19. Growth: Increase in body size: Mitosis
Reproduction: Making new individuals, cells
Respiration: Getting, using O2 to release food energy, removing gaseous wastes

20. 7. Absorption: passage of substances through membranes
6. Digestion: Chemically/mechanically breaks down food into simpler forms that cells can absorb and use.
7. Absorption: passage of substances through membranes
8. Circulation: Movement of substances within the body
                                                            

21. 9. Assimilation: Changing of nutrients into different chemical forms
10. Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes
All 10 of these are called metabolism

22. Life depends on the availability of the following:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important.

23. Levels of Organization:
Atoms Molecules  Organelles  Cells  Tissues  Organs  organ system  Organism.

24. Levels of Organization:

25. Body Cavities NOT cavities: Axial, appendicular parts of human body
Dorsal: Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal
Ventral: Thoracic (Mediastinum [pericardial cavity], Pleural) Diaphragm,Abdominopelvic cavities (Abdominal and Pelvic cavities)

26. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

27. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity – subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

28. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

29. Membranes
Thoracic: Parietal Pleura (walls of L and R Thoracic cavity), visceral Pleura (covers lungs....Pleural cavity between these, Pericardial membranes (surrounds heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity: peritoneal membranes line it, Visceral Peritoneum covers each organ, peritoneal cavity between them

30. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

31. Body Regions
1. The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions and four quadrants

32. Cavities in the Head (ones you DON’T want filled)
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities