1. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Five

2. The Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
The Respiratory System
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Oral cavity
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus

3. Respiratory bronchiole
The Respiratory System
Bronchiole
Pulmonary arteriole
Pulmonary venule
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Capillary beds
Alveoli

4. Inspiration & Expiration
Respiration is divided into three phases:
+ ventilation
+ external respiration
+ internal respiration

5. Inspiration & Expiration
Ventilation occurs due to differences in pressure
Humans mechanically produce an internal pressure that is less than the atmospheric pressure
This is called negative pressure breathing

6. Inspiration & Expiration
Intrapulmonary pressure - pressure found inside the lungs (alveoli)
Intrapleural pressure - pressure found outside the lungs in the pleural cavity
Transplumonary pressure - difference between the two

7. Inspiration & Expiration

8. Inspiration & Expiration

9. Inspiration & Expiration
Compliance - the ability of the lungs to stretch and distend
Elasticity - lung characteristic produced by large amounts of elastin connective tissues
Elastic resistance - the tenancy of elastic fibers to return to original position (elastic recoil)

10. Inspiration & Expiration

11. Muscles of Inspiration & Expiration
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External intercostals
Pectoralis minor
Internal intercostals
Internal intercostals
External abdominal obliques
Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm

12. Lung Volumes

13. Ventilation Terminology
Eupnea - normal, relaxed quiet
ventilation
Apnea - temporary cessation of
ventilation
Dyspnea - labored ventilation

14. Ventilation Terminology
Hyperventilation - ventilation faster than necessary for metabolic demands
Hypoventilation - ventilation slower than necessary for metabolic demands

15. Ventilation Terminology
Anoxia - condition in which there is little or no oxygen
Pneumothorax - presence of air in the pleural cavity
Atelectasis - collapsed lung

16. Pulmonary Disorders COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Asthma - obstructive disorder caused by inflammation, mucus secretions & constriction of air
passageways

17. Pulmonary Disorders
Emphysema - obstructive disorder caused by destruction of alveolar tissue
Bronchitis - obstructive disorder caused by inflammation & the mucus it causes

18. Pulmonary Disorders
Pneumonia - lower respiratory tract infection that causes the alveoli to fill with fluids
Tuberculosis
- caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
- stimulates the lungs to form
nodules

19. Pulmonary Disorders
Cystic fibrosis - a genetic disorder that clogs air passageways by the production of a thick, heavy mucus

20. Pulmonary Disorders
Bronchiogenic carcinoma - lung cancer that arises from the bronchial tubes
~ squamous cell carcinoma
~ small cell carcinoma
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women

21. Pulmonary Disorders
Pulmonary fibrosis - reduced compliance and elasticity due to the accumulation of fibrous connective tissues as a result of lung damage
Black lung - form of pulmonary fibrosis due to inhalation of carbon dust