1. Review:
How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy?
Lesson Plan for

2. Jefferson as President
As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson reversed some Federalist policies & reduced the size & cost of the national gov’t:
He reduced the size of the army
Cut back on Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire
BUT…
By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution
He encouraged Congress to create an embargo (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

3. James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP
Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of
limited national gov’t.

4. Problem:
Since 1793, Britain & France had been at war, violated free trade, & impressed merchants
Attempts to resolve these issues did not solve these problems:
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Adams’ XYZ Affair (1798)
Jefferson’s failed embargo (1807)

5. The War of 1812 (1812—1814)
Unfortunately, the war between England & France (since Washington’s administration) continued to cause problems for Americans:
England & France continued to violate American free trade
The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants
Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor

6. The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812
The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began
The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

7. In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly
In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans
The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

8. To promote national unity To promote America’s power in the world
James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:
To promote national unity
To promote America’s power in the world
Monroe was a Democratic- Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything
After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:
Monroe & the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism

9. Monroe promoted nationalism in 3 ways:
Government: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states.
John Marshall ( ) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t.
Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West.
In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West
Created a 2nd Bank of the U.S.
Created a tariff to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods
A National System of roads & canals
Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs
President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to promote nationalism & territorial expansion

10. Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union:
After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in the West
Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union:
Indiana (1816)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)

11. In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty
In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Canada border set at the 49º
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U.S.
In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty

12. Nationalist Foreign Policy
When Latin American nations gained independence, the U.S. supported the new republics:
Monroe did not want Europeans re-colonizing in Latin America
Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere & that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe

13. Missouri Compromise (1820)
The Era of Good Feelings was a time of nationalism, but there were problems between North & South
Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, national taxes, & the role of national gov’t
These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860
When Missouri applied to become a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged
Missouri wanted to become a slave state, like the South
Northerners did not want to see Southern slave states increase their power in the national gov’t
If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North

14. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise
Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state
Missouri became a slave state
Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'

15. Political Party: Democratic – Republican Term: 1 (1825-29)
John Quincy Adams
Political Party: Democratic – Republican
Term: 1 ( )
Vice President: John C. Calhoun
He was sent to make peace negotiations for the War of (Treaty of Ghent)
Pres. Monroe appoints him as Secretary of State.

16. Election of 1824
3 candidates for President:
John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay
Result: Andrew Jackson received the popular votes. However, no candidate received the majority of votes needed to become President.
Who decides?
The House of representatives decides….just like the election of 1801
Decision: Henry Clay decided to back out of the race. In exchange he asks his supporters to choose John Quincy Adams as President.
Adams then appoints Clay as his secretary of state. Andrew Jackson is furious. He believes that this is a ”crooked deal”. (known as the Corrupt Bargain #1)
: Elected the 6th President of the United States.

17. Facts about J.Q Adam’s Administration:
1825: Democrats and Republicans split up.
1825: Erie Canal Opens
Shipping goods changed from $100 a ton to $10 a ton. (saved lots of money)
1828: Tariff of Abominations passed: places protective tariffs on foreign goods. (import taxes) Angers the south!
1829: B&O Railroad constructed. (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)
No states admitted