1. Bell Ringer Crash Course World History: Indian Ocean Basin
Who traded in the Indian Ocean Trade?
What made the Indian Ocean Trade?
What types of goods were traded throughout the Indian Ocean Basin?
What types of technologies made trade easier for these merchants?

2. India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Chapter 15

3. Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms
The quest for centralized imperial rule
North India (Centralized rule collapsed in 451CE b/c of white Huns)
Tension and invasions by Nomadic Turks left Indian society chaotic and politically fragmented
Harsha (reigned C.E.) temporarily restored unified rule in north India but in the long run meant very little
Lack of political unity made foreign invasion easy
The Sind were conquered by Arab Muslims
Muslim merchants formed small communities in all major cities of coastal India
The sultanate of Delhi ( C.E.)
Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi
Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi
Islam began to have a place in India, successful at spreading Islam

4. Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms
The Hindu kingdoms of southern India
The south: politically divided but relatively peaceful
Does not have the invasions and attacks that the North will suffer
The Chola kingdom ( C.E.) was a larger kingdom;
Navy dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea
Not a tightly centralized state; local autonomy was strong
Began to decline by the twelfth century
The kingdom of Vijayanagar ( C.E.)
Established by two Indian brothers
They renounced Islam in 1336 and returned to their Hindu faith

5. Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean basin
Agriculture in the monsoon world
The monsoons (rains in spring and summer)
Irrigation systems were needed for dry months
No big river in south India; waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells
Stored rainwater in large reservoirs connected to canals
One reservoir constructed during the eleventh century covered 250 square miles
Population growth: 53 million in 600 C.E. to 105 million in 1500 C.E.
Urbanization took place in Delhi (400,000) and other large port cities

6. Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean basin
Trade and Economic development of southern India
Internal trade
Self-sufficient in staple food
Metals, spices, special crops found only in certain regions
Through trade, south India and Ceylon experienced rapid economic growth
Temples and society in south India
Hindu temples served as economic and social centers
Possessed large tracts of land, hundreds of employees
Temple administrators were to maintain order, deliver taxes
Served as banks; engaged in business ventures

7. Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean basin
Cross-cultural trade in Indian Ocean basin
Dhows and junks--large ships involved in maritime trade in Indian Ocean
Emporia, Indian port cities, were clearinghouses of trade and cosmopolitan centers
Trade goods
Silk and porcelain from China
Spices from southeast Asia
Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India
Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia
Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa
Specialized production
Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived
Other specialized industries: sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel

8. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE

9. Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean basin
Caste and society: caste provided guidance in absence of centralized political authority
Caste and social change: guilds and subcastes (jatis)
Merchant Guilds and great merchant families controlled international & local trade …and they in turn had much power in Indian social life, politics, & culture.
The guilds were allies to royal families of India by providing wealth thru taxation, important products from foreign lands, lending money to kings, & financing cultural activities (temples & monasteries).
Some guilds were so powerful that they had own armies to defend guilds’ interests or be mercenaries!

10. The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions
The development of Hinduism
Hinduism predominated in southern India, Islam in the north
Vishnu and Shiva
Decline of Buddhism benefited Hinduism
The growth of Vishnu and Shiva cults (and other gods associated with them)
Devotional cults: to achieve mystic union with gods as a way of salvation
Shankara: philosopher (ninth century) who preferred disciplined logical reasoning
Ramanuja: philosopher (eleventh and twelfth centuries) believed that understanding of ultimate reality was less important than devotion

11. The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions
Islam and its appeal
Conversion to Islam occurred in a slow and gradual way
Some converted for improving their lower social statuses, enjoyed the idea of equality
By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population)
Sufis
The most effective missionaries, they had a devotional approach to Islam
Personal and emotional
Permitted followers to observe old rituals and worship old spirits
Emphasized piety and devotion
The bhakti movement
Sought to erase distinction between Hinduism and Islam
Guru Kabir ( ), important bhakti teacher, taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were one deity

12. The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia
The states of southeast Asia
Indian influence in southeast Asia
Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia
Ruling elite of southeast Asia adapted some Indian political traditions
The states sponsored Hinduism and Buddhism
Showed no interest in Indian caste system
The arrival of Islam in southeast Asia
Conversion to Islam was slow and quiet
Ruling elite converted in cities while rural residents retained their traditions
Islam was not an exclusive faith in southeast Asia
Sufis appealed to a large public in these countries
Melaka was powerful Islamic state during fifteenth century