1. Navigation Aids as an Investigative Tool
Professor David Last
Past-President, Royal Institute of Navigation
International Association of
Marine Investigators
20th Annual Conference
Glyfada, Athens, Greece
15-17 October 2017
Picture: earthobservatory.nasa.
gov//newsroom/BlueMarble/
© David Last

2. Precise records of movements of a fishing boat in a Seychelles lagoon
– GPS fixes via Vessel Monitoring System
© David Last

3. Yellow: GPS records, as before
Red: Iridium phone position fixes of same vessel
© David Last

4. AIS (Automatic Identification System) evidence
© David Last

5. The Global Positioning System
GPS
The Global Positioning System
Pictures:
© David Last

6. Pictures: www.trimble.com
© David Last

7. Positioning, Navigation and Timing
© David Last

8. GPS receiver + Computer
TomTom Car Navigator
GPS receiver + Computer
Picture:
© David Last

9. Picture: www.garmin.com

10. Picture:

11. Picture:

12. Picture: www. paraben. com, www. msb. com, www. forensicnavigation
Picture:
© David Last

13. Picture: Audi Bedienungsanleitung englisch 1.05 254.562.742.20
© David Last

14. The quality of evidence from satnavs and smart phones
At its worst …
List of addresses, but …
No identity, no times or dates
No route, no evidence of visit
No specific vehicle
At its best …
Name and home address
Addresses in order, favourites
Language and preferences
Telephone numbers
© David Last

15. © David Last

16. Pictures: www.life-raft.com

17. Pictures: www. marinemanagement. org. uk, www. cruisemapper. com, www
Pictures:

18. How accurate is it, then? “95% of GPS position measurements will
lie within 5 metres of the true position”
Pictures: dreamtimes
© David Last

19. The Culprit!

20. Satellite and Control System Failures
Official announcement: "A significant GPS anomaly occurred on 1 Jan (which) … resulted in the transmission of Hazardously Misleading Information."
SVN23 clock failure
Sources: Vogel, Macabiau & Suard, ‘Effect of a GPS Anomaly on Different GNSS Receivers’, ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, Sep 13-16, 2005, GLA
© David Last

21. Sources: bbc.co.uk, chronos.co.uk, gpsworld.com

22. Solar flares “The burst produced 20,000 times more radio emission
than the … rest of the sun … and swamped GPS
receivers over the entire sunlit side of the Earth.”
© David Last

23. Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/l23productions/1451697290/
© David Last

24. GPS fixes at Ordnance Survey Monitoring Station
GPS fixes at Ordnance Survey Monitoring Station
at Peterborough on 12 August 2011
© David Last

25. A small jammer on this cliff-top disrupted GPS on vessels
out to ranges as wide as the Dover Strait

26. Low-powered GPS jammer on ship
Jammer of less than 1 milliWatt:
False positions, and velocities
Autopilot may turn vessel
But no alarms!
With a little more jammer power:
Electronic Chart Displays
Autopilot
Automatic Identification System
Differential GPS
Satellite voice and data comms
Maritime distress safety system
plus …
Ship’s Radar & Gyrocompass
© David Last

28. Picture: www.wightlink.co.uk

29. © David Last

30. Jammers now block: Satellite navigation: Mobile phones:
GPS – all frequencies
GLONASS – all frequencies
Galileo – all frequencies
Beidou – all frequencies
WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS
Mobile phones:
2G, 3G, 4G low and high
Communications:
TETRA, WiFi, Bluetooth
Remote control (multiple bands)
Vehicle systems:
Lojack (Tracker UK)
Car locking systems
Pictures: www. jammers4u.com/
© David Last

31. Pictures: wikipedia.org, dailymail.co.uk, insidegnss.com, youtube.com

32. © David Last

33. Low-cost spoofer devices can now seize control of GNSS receivers,
forcing them to show any location or time a criminal or terrorist chooses.
Pictures: dailymail.co.uk, gpsworld.com. Forbes.com

34. Picture: www.newscientist.com,rntf.org

35. Report: https://www. gov

36. Pictures: https://itunes. apple. com/gb/app/nika-glonass/id668566712
© David Last

37. GPS plus … GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems andIRNSS (India)
GLONASS (Russia) Compass-Beidou (China)
QZSS (Japan) GALILEO (Europe) IRNSS (India)
… plus all the augmentations:
GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

38. Pictures: Bob Cockshott – UK KTN, wwwbidhaabora.com

39. Pictures: Bob Cockshott – UK KTN

40. Navigation Aids as an Investigative Tool
Professor David Last
Past-President, Royal Institute of Navigation
International Association of
Marine Investigators
20th Annual Conference
Glyfada, Athens, Greece
15-17 October 2017
Picture: earthobservatory.nasa.
gov//newsroom/BlueMarble/
© David Last