1. FORMATION OF HERB-BASED EXPORT ORIENTED AGRO-MEDICINE INDUSTRY USING THE JUICE AND PIECES OF MEDICINAL PLANT PARTS
Shibabrata Pattanayak1, Tapan Kumar Mandal2 and Susanta Kumar Bandyopadhyay3
1= Assistant Director, ARD (Microbiology),Institute of Animal Health &Veterinary Biologicals (R&T), 37,Belgachia Road, Kolkata ,West Bengal .
2= Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata ,West Bengal.
3= Director of Medical Education and Ex-Officio Secretary, Government of West Bengal, Swastha Bhavan, Kolkata,West Bengal.
Power point presented at a conference of Indian Pharmacological Society at Kolkata

2. Ethnomedicines of India (A part of Traditional Knowledge)
a) Formal codified system of knowledge (Ayurveda, Siddha, Uninany-Tibb).
b) Informal system evolved over thousands of years through experiences and carried from one generation to the next.

3. PREFACE
It is estimated that plant materials are present in, or have provided the models for 50% of Western Drugs (Robbers et al. 1996).
Many phytopharmaceutical laboratories are now concentrating their efforts to identify the active constituents and models of action of various medicinal plants (Hwang et al. 2000).
Phytoconstituent extraction involves the separation of the medicinally active portion from plant using selective solvents (Thakur et al. 2011).
Most of the pharmacological reports of plant/plant extracts screen the organic soluble extracts of the dried plant (Kumar et al. 2007).
The ‘Crude Extracts’ are made from the dry leaves/other plant parts by Chloroforn, Diethyle ether, Ethanol, Hexane, Methanol, Petroleum ether etc. (Ahameethunisa and Hopper 2010) and tested.

4. But we should remember that …..
Like the ancient and ethnic people as well as a part of the people residing at the rural areas are still accustomed with the use of readily available herbal preparations made from the locally available plants mainly at its raw, pure, fresh and crude form for cure of the ailments of themselves as well as same or related type of ailments of their domestic animals.
In some cases, previously collected and preserved plant parts are also used.
That knowledge base is developed through the gathered experience of the people of several generations.

5. THE PRESENT SCENARIO Common system of use of plant derived drugs:
Common system of use of plant derived drugs:
In Modern Ayurvedic System of Medicine:
Medicinal Plant/s Plant part/s taken Dried and Processed
Used as medicine.
In Modern Allopathic System of Medicine:
Medicinal plant/s Plant part/s taken Active principal identified, considered as a drug Drug synthesized in laboratory Used as medicine.

6.   CONTEMPORARY METHODS OF STUDY FOR VALIDATION OF EFFICACY OF PLANT PARTS
  In the study reports related with validation of reported medicinal property of plants, generally the reported plant parts were collected, dried and preserved.
Then methanolic, ethanolic, acetone aqueous etc. extracts of the preserved plant parts were made and stored at different manner.
Then these are tested for their reported medicinal use by some laboratory based in vitro tests and/or by some in vivo tests on animal models, either in that form or in semi-purified or purified form or after extraction of active principles.

7. Questions may be raised
The ethnic and other rural people traditionally use the plants in its crude, fresh form in most of the time.
The solvent extracted part or the separated active principles may not show the total effect of the plant part in question, as many of the principles become lost during the whole process.
So, the contemporary concept of research have the limitation of loss of many aromatic and other phyto-chemicals present in the living plant, which may have very important role when used together.

8. VALIDATION OF CRUDE FRESH EXTRACT OF PLANT PARTS COLLECTED FROM LIVING PLANTS
*The succulent crude extract (juice/latex) or small pieces the of the medicinal plant parts (root, stem, seed etc.) may also be included for validation of the reported use of the plants.
*The succulent plant parts extract may be analyzed as a separate parameter along with other solvent extracts for validation of the reported medicinal efficacy in vitro or in vivo models after special type of modifications of the existing analytical procedures, if required.

9. SUGGESTED STUDY PATTERN AND PROCEDURE
So,
INSTEAD OF
STUDYING THE EFFICACY OF INDIVIDUAL BIOMOLECULE,
STUDY OF EFFICACY OF ALL THE BIOMOLECULES
PRESENT IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT PARTS
MAY BE INITIATED

10. Study for toxicity and dosing
Along with the study for validation of the medicinal effect of succulent / original useable form of plant parts,
Study for probable toxicity, side effects of single and combinational use of parts of the plants may be done.
Standardization of dose schedule may also be performed.

11. A new export oriented business may be initiated !!!
POSSIBLE OPENING OF ANOTHER NEW ARENA: EXPORT OF SUCCULENT PLANT PART AND/OR THEIR EXTRACTS
The properly validated,toxicity studied direct succulent plant part or their extracts may be selected as a new type of medicine for herb based treatment.
This may be used for creation of many small and medium sized industries !!!
A new export oriented business may be initiated !!!

12. The proposed industry
A. It may be started and continued with a minimum expenditure.
B. The validated plant part extracts or pieces may be dosed as small aliquots as per the doses and requirements.
C. Initially these can be stored at low temperature (4 0C or like that) and then can be stored at freezing temperatures (0 0C, C, C etc.).
D. Alternatively, these can be freeze dried, as per requirement and research reports.
E. Some special studies like
1. Stability after reconstitution of such medicine at different time intervals,
2. Effect of repeated freezing and thawing on activity of the medicine etc. have to be performed.

13. 1.A new type of Alternative Medicine for global population.
WE CAN EXPECT …
1.A new type of Alternative Medicine for global population.
2. Creation of huge number of labor involving industries specially in the countries in and around the torrid zone of the globe.
3. Huge reduction in the cost of medicine and treatment of the people worldwide.

14. If we start research in that way,
A new way may be opened,
A new journey may be started,
A new target may be achieved !!!

15. A Primary list of already reported plants which may be tested for efficacy !!
1.Plants with Antipyretic effect: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult, Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr, Aristolochia indica L., Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, Solanum virginianum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Rauwolfia serpentina Baill.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. Wall., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Sida cordifolia L., Peganum harmala L., Capparis zeylanica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link etc.
2.Plants with Analgesic effect : Cassia fistula L., Curcuma longa L., Aristolochia indica L., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Dillenia indica L., Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Ficus racemosa L., Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.,Vitex negundo L., Ricinus communis L., Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don, Piper longum L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Moringa oleifera Lam., Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer, Clitoria ternatea L., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Peganum harmala L., Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Capparis zeylanica L., Antidesma montanum var. montanum , Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. etc.

16. 3. Plants with wound healing effect :Barleria lupulina Lindl
3.Plants with wound healing effect :Barleria lupulina Lindl., Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC., Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp., Adhatoda vasica Nees,Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,Curcuma longa L., Glinus lotoides L.,Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp., Croton bonplandianum Baill., Dillenia indica L., Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Tagetes patula L., Pandanus foetidus Roxb., Achyranthes aspera L., Anisomeles indica L, Aristolochia indica L., Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss., Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken., Capparis zeylanica L., Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Heliotropium indicum L., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob., Solanum virginianum L.,Helianthus annuus L.,Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr., Jasminum auriculatum Vahl, Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Sida cordifolia L., Terminalia chebula Retz.,Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal., Senna alata (L.) Roxb. etc.
4.Plants with immunostimulant effect: Tinosporas cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Phyllanthus emblica L., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Boerhavia diffusa L. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Curcuma longa L. Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine., Capparis zeylanica L. etc.

17. 5.Plants with Hepato protective and Hepato-stimulant property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Phyllanthus niruri L., Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Solanum americanum Mill., Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Boerhavia diffusa L., Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, Ricinus communis L., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Peganum harmala L., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr., Curcuma longa L., Gardenia resinifera Roth, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz etc.
6.Plants with effect on fertility and libido: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal .,Tribulus terrestris L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Saraca indica L., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Sida cordifolia L., Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Cheilocostus speciosus (J.König) C.Specht., Piper betle L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.,. Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Azadirachta indica A.Juss. etc.
7.Plants with effect on pregnancy and parturition: Ficus religiosa L., Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Tectona grandis L.f., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Mimosa pudica L., Cucurbita pepo L., Rauwolfia serpentina Baill., Abrus precatorius L., Mesua ferrea L., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. etc.

18. 8. Plants with effect on lactation: Acacia nilotica (L
8.Plants with effect on lactation: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Euphorbia hirta L., Asparagus racemosus Willd. Mimosa pudica L., Madhuca longifolia
(J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn., Ambroma augusta (L.) L.f., Cuminum cyminum L., Nigella sativa L., Ficus hispida L.f., Abrus precatorius L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. etc.
9.Plants with Anthelmintic property: Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Punica granatum L., Acorus calamus L., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Curcuma longa L., Areca catechu L., Ficus racemosa L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Euphorbia hirta L., Peganum harmala L.,Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik., Cucurbita pepo L., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. etc.
10.Plants with astringent property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Cyperus rotundus L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Piper nigrum L., Eclipta prostrata L., Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Saraca indica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Gardenia resinifera Roth., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Etc.

19. 11.Plants with expectorant and anti bronchitis property: Adhatoda vasica Nees., Solanum virginianum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Datura fastuosa L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Phyllanthus emblica L.,Piper longum L.,Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Curcuma longa L., Abrus precatorius L., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Euphorbia hirta L., Peganum harmala L., Acalypha indica L.,Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf, Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine, Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L J.F.Macbr., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Terminalia chebula Retz.,Prunus serotina Ehrh., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. etc.

20. 12.Plants with purgative and anti flatulent property: Senna alexandrina Mill., Cassia fistula L., Mentha arvensis L. Abrus precatorius L., Piper longum L., Ricinus communis L., Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso ., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Cheilocostus speciosus (J.König) C.Specht , Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia belerica Roxb., Plantago orbignyana Steinh. ex Decne. Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf., Coriandrum sativum L., Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Myristica fragrans Houtt., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Pinus palustris Mill., Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel, Capsicum annuum L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Sida cordifolia L., Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Cuminum cyminum L., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Ficus hispida L.f. etc.
13.Plants with nutriceutical Property: Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Phyllanthus emblica L., Curcuma longa L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Piper longum L. Daucus carota L., Triticum aestivum L. etc.

21. 15.Plants with anti – dermatitis and skin disease curing effect:
14.Plants with antiseptic property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Mentha arvensis L., Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb., Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Ficus religiosa L., Cassia fistula L., Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Curcuma longa L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Cassia fistula L., Lawsonia inermis L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Solanum virginianum L., Piper longum L., Peganum harmala L., Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. , Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Allium sativum L., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson, Gardenia resinifera Roth, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Asparagus racemosus Willd., Cuminum cyminum L., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.etc.
15.Plants with anti – dermatitis and skin disease curing effect:
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Curcuma longa L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Datura metel L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Dillenia indica L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Ficus racemosa L., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Adhatoda vasica Nees, Sida cordifolia L., Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik., Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Solanum americanum Mill., Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Antidesma montanum var. montanum , Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Saraca indica L., Mentha arvensis L., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Tectona grandis L.f., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Vitex negundo L., Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. etc.

22. 16.Plants with anti – dysentery and anti enteritis property: Holarrhina pubescens Wall.ex DC., Cyperus rotundus L., Acorus calamus L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Strychnos nuxvomica L., Achyranthes aspera L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Ex Schult, Paederia foetida L., Rauwolfia serpentina Baill., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa. Asparagus racemosus Willd., Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Punica granatum L., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Ficus racemosa L., Mimosa pudica L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Plantago orbignyana Steinh. Ex Decne., Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Solanum americanum Mill., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. etc.
17.Hematenic and blood parameters influencing Plant: Hygrophila auriculata (Sch.) Heine., Salacia chinensis L., Aristolochia indica L.,Triticum aestivum L., Spinacia oleracea L., Beta vulgaris L. etc.
18.Diuretic and Kidney stone removing plant: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp., Boerhavia diffusa Lin., Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Solanum virginianum L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Peganum harmala L. , Tribulus terrestris L., Antidesma montanum var. montanum, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Putranjiva roxburghii
Wall. etc.

23. 19.Plants having insect repellent or insecticidal property: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Pinus palustris Mill., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Jatropha curcas L. etc.
20.Plants with stomachic effect: Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson, Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Allium sativum L., Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson., Pipe0r longum L., Piper nigrum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Plumbago zeylanica L. etc.
And so on …

24. REFERENCES
Ahameethunisa AR, Hopper W(2010) Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC Compl Alt Med 10(6):1-6.
Hwang JK.Kong TW,Back NI, Pyun YR (2000) “Alpha Glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the gallsof Quercus infectoria”,Planta Medica 66(3): Cited in Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS (2011) Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evi Based Compl Alt Med (2011):1-17.
Kumar B, Vijayakumar M, Govindarajan R, Pushpangadan P (2007) Ethnopharmacological approaches to wound healing – exploring medicinal plants of India. J Ethnopharmacol 114:
Robbers J, Speedie M, Tyler V (1996) Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology.Williams and Wilkins, Balthmore. Cited in: Ionela Daciana Ciocan and Ion I. Bara (2007) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Annele Stiintifice ale Universitatii,Alexandru loan Cuza, Sectiunea Genetica si Biologie Moleculara, TOM VIII (2007):
Pattanayak S, Maity D, Mitra S, Debnath PK, Mandal TK, Bandyopadhyay SK (2013) Use of fresh parts of medicinal plants for health and production in livestock – a new concept of farming. Explor Anim Med Res 3(1):
Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS (2011) Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evi Based Compl Alt Med (2011): 1-17.
Pattanayak S, Mandal TK, Bandyopadhyay SK (2016) Validation and therapeutic use of succulent plant parts – opening of new horizon of alternative medicine. Explor. Anim .Med. Res. 6(1): 8-14.

25. Thank You!!