1. Skull. Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine
1st year, 1st semester
Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology
Katalin Kocsis
02/12/2015
03/12/2015

2. Gábor Miklós. Madách theatre
Laurence Olivier kneels in the graveyard with Yorrick’s skull in his hands
Nat Farbman/Getty Images

4. NEUROCRANIUM
CALVARIA
BASIS CRANII
BASIS CRANII INTERNA
FOSSA CRANII ANTERIOR
FOSSA CRANII MEDIA
FOSSA CRANII POSTERIOR
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA
VISCEROCRANIUM - FACIAL CRANIUM
ORBIT
CAVUM NASI
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
TEMPORAL FOSSA
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
MANDIBLE, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

5. calvaria basis cranii Neurocranium Viscerocranium Os frontale
Os sphenoidale
Os temporale
Os parietale
Os occipitale
Viscerocranium
Maxilla
Os ethmoidale
Os zygomaticum
Os lacrimale
Os nasale
Os palatinum
Concha nasalis inferior
Vomer
Mandibula
Os hyoideum
(Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
basis cranii

6. NEUROCRANIUM
CALVARIA

7. CALVARIA
border: supraorbital margin - protuberantia occipitalis externa
structures:
bones, sutures, fontanelles, groove for superior sagittal sinus, foveolae granulares, parietal foramen, arterial grooves

8. CALVARIA frontal bone coronal suture parietal bone sagittal suture
lambdoidal
suture
occipital bone
CALVARIA

9. CALVARIA

10. Fontanelle (fonticulus)
(sometimes spelled fontanels)
are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
allow the skull to flex during birth
Anterior (major, greater) fontanelle: frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
Occipital (posterior, minor, lesser) fontanelle: lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Sphenoidal fontanelles: squamous and coronal sutures
Mastoid fontanelles: squamous and lambdoid sutures

11. NEUROCRANIUM
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA

12. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA

13. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA

14. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA

15. NEUROCRANIUM
BASIS CRANII INTERNA

16. BASIS CRANII INTERNA

17. BASIS CRANII INTERNA

18. BASIS CRANII INTERNA

19. ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA wall:
wall:
part of the squama and orbital parts of the frontal bone
lesser wing and body of the sphenoid bone
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
borders:
ant: level of the supraorbital margin
post: posterior edge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid
anterior edge of the sulcus chiasmatis
cribriform plate
nasal cavity
fila olfactoria (I. cranial nerve)
(ethmoidal air cells)
ant. ethmoidal art.  nerve
post. ethmoidal art.  nerve

20. FOSSA CRANII ANTERIOR

21. squama and anterior surface of petrous part of the temporal bone
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
wall:
squama and anterior surface of petrous part of the temporal bone
greater wing and body of the sphenoid bone
borders:
ant: posterior edge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid
anterior edge of the sulcus chiasmatis
post: edge of petrous part of the temporal bone
post. clinoid process
dorsum sellae
optic canal
orbit
optic nerve  ophthalmic art.
sup. orbital fissure
oculomotor nerve (III.)
trochlear nerve (IV.),
abducent nerve (VI.)
ophthalmic nerve (V/1.)
sup. ophthalmic vein
foramen rotundum
fossa pterygopalatina
maxillary nerve (V/2.)
foramen ovale
fossa infratemporalis
mandibular nerve (V/3.)
foramen spinosum
middle meningeal art. (enter)
openings on the ant. surface of the pyramid
greater  lesser petrosal nerves (enter)
! facial nerve, facial canal
! glossopharyngeal nerve, tympanic nerve
fossula petrosa, canaliculus tympanicus
foramen lacerum
basis cranii externa
greater  lesser petrosal nerve (leave)
! canalis pterygoideus,
carotid canal
internal carotid art. (enter)

22. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA

23. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA REGIO HYPOPHYSEALIS 1= Processus clinoideus ant.
SELLA TURCICA
1= Processus clinoideus ant.
2= Ala minor
4= Canalis opticus
5= Fissura orbitalis sup.
6=Planum sphenoidale
7= Sulcus chiasmatis
8=Tuberculum sellae
9= Fossa hypophysisalis
10=Dorsum sellae
11= Processus clinoideus post.
12= Sulcus caroticus
13= Foramen rotundum
14= Foramen ovale
15= Processus clinoideus med.

24. POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA wall:
post. surface of petrous part of the temporal bone
body of the sphenoid bone
occipital bone (squama, basilar part, condylar part)
borders:
ant: edge of petrous part of the temporal bone
post. clinoid process
dorsum sellae
post: groove for the transverse sinus
internal acoustic meatus
inner ear
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII.)
labyrinthine art.
facial canal
facial nerve (VII.)
! greater petrosal nerve
! chorda tympani
! stapedius nerve
foramen jugulare
basis cranii externa
internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX.)
vagus nerve (X.)
accessory nerve (XI.)
(pharyngeal ascendens artery, enters)
foramen magnum
vertebral canal
spinal part of the accessory nerve
spinal cord - medulla oblongata
vertebral art. (ant.  post. spinal arteries)
meninges, venous plexus
hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve (XII.)
canalis condylaris  mastoidea
(basis cranii externa)
emissarium veins
aqueductus vestibuli

25. FOSSA CRANII POSTERIOR

26. VISCEROCRANIUM
ORBIT

27. oculomotor nerve (III.) trochlear nerve (IV.) abducent nerve (VI.)
ORBIT
walls:
roof: orbital part of the frontal bone
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
lateral wall: greater wing of the sphenoid bone
orbital surface of the zygomatic bone
floor: orbital surface of the maxilla
orbital process of the palatine bone
medial wall: body of the sphenoid bone
orbital surface of the ethmoid bone
lacrimal bone
frontal process of the maxilla
optic canal
middle cranial fossa
optic nerve (II.)
ophthalmic art.
sup. orbital fissure
oculomotor nerve (III.)
trochlear nerve (IV.)
abducent nerve (VI.)
ophthalmic nerve (V/1.)
sup. ophthalmic vein
inf. orbital fissure
pterygopalatine fossa
infraorbital nerve
zygomatic nerve
infratemporal fossa
infraorbital art.
ant. ethmoidal foramen
ant. cranial fossa
ant. ethmoidal art.  nerve
post. ethmoidal foramen
ethmoidal cells
post. ethmoidal art.  nerve
nasolacrimal canal
inferior nasal meatus
nasolacrimal duct (tear)
infraorbital canal/foramen
canine fossa
infraorbital nerve  art.
supraorbital notch
frontal region
branches of frontal nerve
(supraorbital art.
zygomatic canal
face (zygomaticofacial) 
 zygomatic nerve 
temporal fossa
(zygomaticotemporal)

28. ORBIT

29. ORBIT

30. ORBIT

31. VISCEROCRANIUM
CAVUM (CAVITAS) NASI

32. sphenopalatine foramen pterygopalatine fossa sphenopalatine art.
NASAL CAVITY
walls:
middle (bony septum of the nose):
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
vomer
roof: nasal bone
nasal part of the frontal bone
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
anterior and inferior surfaces of the body of the sphenoid bone
lateral wall: frontal process of the maxilla
body of the maxilla (nasal surface)
lacrimal hamulus of the lacrimal bone
ethmoidal labyrinths
inferior nasal concha
perpendicular plate of palatine bone
medial lamina of the pterygpid process of the sphenoid bone
floor (hard palate):
palatine process of maxilla
horizontal plate of the palatine bone
paranasal sinuses:
piriform aperture
face
choana
pharynx
sphenopalatine foramen
pterygopalatine fossa
sphenopalatine art.
post. nasal nerves
nasolacrimal canal
orbit
nasolacrimal duct
incisive canal
oral cavity
nasopalatine art.  nerve
maxillary sinus
hiatus semilunaris
middle meatus
frontal sinus
ethmoidal infundibulum
sphenoidal sinus
(opening)
sphenoethmoidal recess
ethmoidal labyrinth
posterior air cells
superior meatus
middle and anterior air cells

33. CAVUM NASI

34. CAVUM NASI

35. CAVUM NASI

36. CAVUM NASI

37. CAVUM NASI

38. CAVUM NASI

39. CAVUM NASI

40. Sinus paranasales

41. Sinus paranasales frontal sinus ethmoid sinus maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus

42. Sinus paranasales

43. Sinus paranasales

44. FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA
VISCEROCRANIUM
FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA

45. PTERYGO(spheno)PALATINE FOSSA walls: anterior: maxilla posterior:
walls:
anterior:
maxilla
posterior:
maxillary surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid
medial:
perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
foramen rotundum
middle cranial fossa
maxillary nerve (V/2.)
sphenopalatine foramen
nasal cavity
sphenopalatine art.
post. nasal nerves
pterygoid canal
base of cranium
greater petrosal nerve
inf. orbital fissure
orbit
infraorbital nerve
zygomatic nerve
greater palatine canal
oral cavity
greater palatine nerve
descendent palatine artery
lesser palatine canals
lesser palatine nerves
pterygomaxillary fissure
infratemporal fossa
sup. post. alveolar nerves

46. FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA

47. FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA

48. FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA

49. FOSSA TEMPORALIS ET INFRATEMPORALIS
VISCEROCRANIUM
FOSSA TEMPORALIS ET INFRATEMPORALIS

50. FOSSA TEMPORALIS ET INFRATEMPORALIS

51. FOSSA TEMPORALIS

52. FOSSA INFRATEMPORALIS

53. VISCEROCRANIUM
CAVUM ORIS

54. PALATUM DURUM

55. ARTICULATIO TEMPOROMANDIBULARIS
VISCEROCRANIUM
MANDIBLE
ARTICULATIO TEMPOROMANDIBULARIS

56. MANDIBLE

57. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
articular socket: mandibular fossa (tuberculum articulare, fibrous cartilage)
articular head: caput mandibulae
articular disc

58. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

59. CANALICULUS TYMPANICUS CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS
NEUROCRANIUM
OS TEMPORALE
CAVUM TYMPANI
CANALIS FACIALIS
CANALICULUS TYMPANICUS
CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS
CANALIS CAROTICUS

60. OS TEMPORALE

61. OS TEMPORALE

62. OS TEMPORALE

63. OS TEMPORALE, CAVUM TYMPANI

64. OS TEMPORALE,
CANALIS FACIALIS,
CANALICULUS TYMPANICUS,
CANALIS CAROTICUS

65. OS TEMPORALE,
CANALIS CAROTICUS

66. OS TEMPORALE,
CAVUM TYMPANI,
CANALIS FACIALIS
CANALIS CAROTICUS
CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS

67. OS TEMPORALE,
CAVUM TYMPANI,
CANALIS FACIALIS
CANALIS CAROTICUS
CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS

68. OS TEMPORALE,
CAVUM TYMPANI

69. OS TEMPORALE,
CAVUM TYMPANI,
CANALIS FACIALIS
CANALIS CAROTICUS
CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS