1. Empires: China and Portugal

2. Table 1. Mega-Empires in the Historical Record
Date (peak)
Empire name
World region
Area (million sq km)
1380
Mali
Africa
1.10
1400
Mamluk
2.10
1270
Mongol
Central Asia
24.00
1310
Golden Horde
6.00
1350
Chagatai
3.50
1405
Timurid
4.40
1450
China-Ming
East Asia
6.50
1790
China-Manchu
14.70
1480
Lithuania-Poland
Europe
1683
Ottoman
5.20
1800
Russia
15.50
1290
Khmer
Southeast Asia
1.00
1312
Delhi
South Asia
3.20
1690
Mughal
4.00
1760
Maratha
2.50
Il-Khanid
Southwest Asia
3.75
Peter Turchin, ‘A theory for formation of large Empires’, Journal of Global History, 4/2 (2009), pp

6. Qin Dynasty ( BC)
Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)
Wei and Jin Period (AD 265–420)
Wu Hu Period (AD 304–439)
Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420–589)
Sui Dynasty (AD 589–618)
Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960)
Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia Dynasties (AD 960–1234)
Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368)
Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644)
Qing Dynasty (AD 1644–1911)

13. B. Portugal

14. B1. Chronology of Empire Building
a. North Africa

16. B1. Chronology of Empire Building
a. North Africa
b. The Atlantic Islands

17. B1. Chronology of Empire Building
a. North Africa
b. The Atlantic Islands
c. Brazil

19. B1. Chronology of Empire Building
a. North Africa
b. The Atlantic Islands
c. Brazil
d. Central Africa