1. Unit 2: Population
Chapter 3: Migration

2. Migration 3 Reasons people migrate:
Economic Opportunity
Cultural Freedom
Environmental Comfort
Migration is a type of relocation diffusion
2 way connection: To & From
Immigration (I) vs. Emigration (E)
Net migration = in – out
Demographic equation: Pnew = Pold + B – D + I – E
P is population, B is total births, D is total deaths
Mobility & Circulation

3. Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate?
Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration
Reasons:
Mostly economic, some cultural/environmental
Push & Pull factors
Economic Push & Pull
Jobs, resources, industries, pop. growth/decline, money
Cultural Push & Pull
Forced emigration – slavery, political instability (war, genocide, etc.)
Refugees – forced out, cannot return, must be allowed in another country, Africa--largest # of refugees
Largest international refugees: Palestinian Arabs, Afghans, Syrians, Iraqis, Somalis (1 million or more for each)
Largest internal “refugees” (internally displaced persons): Sudan, Iraq, Colombia, Syria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Ukraine (each over 1 mil)

4. Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate?
Cultural Push & Pull
Over 19.5 million registered international refugees (does not include undocumented refugees or internally displaced persons)
Destination (asylum) countries by refugee population:
Pakistan, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran (1 mil + each)
38.2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs)
Voluntary migration – religion, government, freedoms, language, family, cultural similarities
Environmental Push & Pull
Attractiveness of climate, landforms, water
Proximity to conveniences
Allergies
Push of disease, lack of water, climate, flooding, disasters
Intervening Obstacles
Hinder migration or block
In past, landforms & water
Now, political, cultural & economic obstacles (documentation, costs, cultural fears/differences)

5. Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate?
Distance of Migration
Most relocate short distances & remain in country
Intervening opportunity – closer opportunities/places are more attractive to migrants than equal or slightly better opportunities further away
Long distance migrants head for major cities
Place utility – perceived desirability of a place vs. other places
Internal Migration
Within same country & typically shorter distance
More numerous (relates to distance-decay)
Similar culture/customs
2 types:
Interregional – 1 region to another (city to city, state to state, rural in one region to city in another region, etc.)
Intraregional – within 1 region (urban to suburbs of city, rural to urban in same region)

6. Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate?
International Migration
1 country to another
2 types:
Voluntary – economic push & pull
Forced – cultural push & pull
Step migration – migration to a distant location in a series of shorter, intermediate migrations
Wilbur Zelinsky’s Migration Transition (compare to Demographic Transition)
Stage 1 – No migration or migration related to nomadism
Stage 2 – International migration with some interregional (urbanization)
Stage 3 – mostly interregional (urbanization)
Stage 4 – internal, particularly intraregional (suburbs)

7. Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate?
Characteristics of Migrants
For long-distances – most are male & adults w/o kids
Gender – most are males looking for jobs
Increasing # of women to U.S. from Mexico (changing role of women in Mexico – jobs)
Family Status – young adults seeking work, very few are old
# of migrating children is increasing recently as # of women increase (education concerns)
Most Mexican immigrants go to border states (CA, TX, etc.) but come from interior of Mexico
Seasonal migration for farming
Return migration to home country often once a certain amount of money is made
Many undocumented immigrants have jobs in home country but search for more money
Quick employment – low wages, more hours, no benefits, threatened with deportation if complain

8. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
3% of world are international migrants (mostly in U.S)
Global Migration Patterns
Net-out migration – Asia, Latin Amer., Africa
Net-in migration – N. America, Europe, Oceania
3 largest migration streams/flows:
Asia to Europe
Asia to N. America
Latin America to N. America
LDC’s to MDC’s
12% of U.S, 25% of Australia, 50% of Middle East are immigrants

9. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
3 Migration Eras:
Colonial Immigration from England & Africa ( )
Approx. 2 million Europeans (mostly voluntary) – 90% from Great Britain
Approx. 650,000 Africans (mostly forced as slaves) – illegal in 1808 but 250,000 came b/t
19th Century European Immigration ( )
65 mil Europeans (40 mil to U.S., rest to Canada, Australia, NZ, southern Africa, & S. America)
Largest # from Germany, Italy, U.K., Ireland, & Russia
Many from Poland but often counted as German or Russian

10. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
3 Migration Eras:
19th Century European Immigration ( )
1st Peak (1840’s & 50’s) – up to 250,000 per year, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland & Germany), economic & political factors (Ex. Potato famine in Ireland)
2nd Peak (1870’s -90’s) – 500,000 per year, had declined during Civil War, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway & Sweden), Industrial Revolution led to Stage 2 of DT (pop. growth, migration for better opportunities)
3rd Peak (1900’s-20’s) – decline in 1890’s due to economic problems, 1 million per year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary), Stage 2 transition

11. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S Immigration Patterns
3 Migration Eras:
Recent Immigration from LDC’s
Dropped during Great Depression & WWII (1930’s & 40’s)
Increasing since 1950’s
From Asia – 1 mil. From China & Japan , 7 mil from Asia (mostly from China, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, & Vietnam), many also to Canada (British Columbia)
From Latin America – 2 mil from , 13 mil from , approx. 400,000 per year in 2000’s, mostly from Mexico, many from Dominican Republic & El Salvador, Stage 2 of DT & poor economic situations
U.S. has changed over time – no longer sparsely settled, no longer large amounts of unclaimed land (closing of the frontier), not booming economically

12. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
Legacy of European Migration (basically ended in 1914 at start of WWI)
Demographic Transition
Stage 2 fueled by Industrial Rev. (tech. & healthcare)
Promoted efficient agriculture – people pushed off family farms (larger farms & more machinery)
Enclosure Movement in Britain – forced farm consolidation
People sought factory jobs in cities or moved to U.S. for farmland
Europe now in Stage 3 & 4 – no need for U.S. “safety valve”
Diffusion of Culture
Language (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch)
Religion (Christianity)
Art, music, literature, philosophy, government, ethics
N. & S. America and Australia similar to European culture (sparsely populated before colonialism)
Conflict in Africa & Asia due to colonialism (domination, discrimination, drawing of problematic boundaries, etc.)

13. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
Undocumented Immigration
Desire for immigration > allowed quotas
Estimates from 9.3 to 11.1 million in 2005 (5+ mil from Mexico, 2+ mil from Latin Amer., 1 mil from Asia, ½ mil from Europe/Canada, ½ mil other)
½ adult males, ½ women or children
About 7.2 million employed (5% of workforce) – farming, cleaning, construction, food service
Reasons:
Enter legally as tourists or students & don’t leave
Slip across border
U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long (many unpatrolled sections)
Often purchase forged documents
1.3 million are caught per year and often deported

14. Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of Immigration on the U.S.
Destination of Immigrants in U.S.
½ in 4 states – NY, CA (1/4), TX, FL
Cluster in coastal or border states or in cities with busy international airports
Mexican immigrants to CA, TX, IL, or border states
Caribbean to FL (Cubans) or NY (Puerto Ricans)
China & India to NY & CA
Other Asians to CA
Factors:
Proximity
Clustering near similar immigrants (chain migration)
Job availability

15. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration Policies of Host Countries
U.S. Quota Laws
Acts of Congress – Quota Act of 1921 & National Origins Act of 1924
Set quotas (max limits) of people allowed to immigrate into U.S. from each country during a 1-year period
3% of 1910 census #’s from given countries & 2% of 1890 census
Designed to keep most immigrants European
Immigration Act of 1965 – quotas based on hemispheres not countries (170,000 east & 120,000 west)
Global quota of 290,000 in 1978 – now 620,000 with no more than 7% per country
Exceptions alter limits – 480,000 family-sponsored & 140,000 job-related
Reuniting of families (5 year wait); No limit of family of US citizens
Quotas do not apply to refugees
Asians use job-related then family-sponsored (chain migration)
Brain Drain – loss of quality workers from home country

16. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Temporary Migration for Work
More common in Middle East (oil-related work) & Europe
Guest workers – protected by wage laws, unions
Make up much of workforce in many European countries (1/2 of Luxembourg, 1/6 of Switzerland)
Europe in Stage 3-5 of DT – low pop. growth or on decline
700,000 legal & 500,000 illegal annually in Europe
Take low status, low skill jobs (taxi, garbage, road crews, cleaning, etc.)
Low pay but better than home country – reduces unemployment in home country; send money back
U.K. very restrictive guest worker laws
Mostly from Middle East, N. Africa, Eastern Europe, & Asia
Turkey to Germany
Algeria & Morocco to France

17. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Time Contract Work
Recruited for fixed time – many stay permanently after contract expired
Indians to Burma/Myanmar, Malaysia, Guyana, S. Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad
Japanese & Filipinos to Hawaii, Japanese to Brazil, Chinese to U.S. (1869 trans-continental railroad)
33 million Chinese live in other countries (3/4 of Singapore, 1/3 of Malaysia, 1/10 of Thailand)
Many illegal Asian immigrants in Taiwan (Filipinos, Thai, Malaysians)

18. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Difference in Economic Migrants & Refugees
Migrants – limited; Refugees – special priority
From Cuba
U.S. considers as refugees since 1959 (Fidel Castro)
Communist government
600,000 fled to U.S. after revolution, mostly to FL
1980 – Castro allowed prisoners, criminals, & mental patients to leave (took back about 2,500)
125,000 in Mariel boatlift
20,000 per year since 1987
miles from Cuba to FL

19. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Difference in Economic Migrants & Refugees
From Haiti
Francois “Papa Doc” & Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier dictatorship – U.S. does not consider as refugees
Haitians admitted in lawsuit after 1980 Mariel boatlift
1991 coup of Jean-Bertrand Aristide – many fled but were rejected as refugees (considered economic migrants)
1994 – U.S. & UN peacekeeping invasion to reinstate Aristide & democratic elections
Haiti – poorest country in Western Hemisphere
From Vietnam
1975 – communist N. Vietnam captures Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City)
Many tried to flee to U.S on boats (boat people)
Some considered refugees but not all (economic vs. political)
800,000 to U.S. & 1 million to other countries

20. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries
U.S. Attitudes
19th century – suspicious but viewed as important to settle frontier & extend U.S. control across continent
Opposition grew when immigrants came mainly from southern & eastern Europe (Russia, Italy, Poland, etc.)
Viewed as criminals, inferior, resistant to assimilation
Asians viewed suspiciously – language, religion
Hispanics prejudiced against – all assumed illegal; language
CA voters denied access to public services (education, healthcare, etc.) for undocumented immigrants – not constitutional & hard to enforce

21. Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries
Attitudes Towards Guest Workers
In Europe (Typically young, single males who send money home):
Suffer from poor social conditions
Little money, food, housing, entertainment
Lonely, unfamiliar with language & culture
Regarded as temporary but actually permanent – often joined by families later
Suspicions, dislike, political restrictions, attacks increasing
In Middle East:
Fear political unrest & abandoning of traditional Islam
Force return to marry, prevent return with spouse or children
Reduced # of guest workers due to reduced economic growth
Anti-immigration policies – somewhat discriminatory, claim to reduce unemployment & taxes

22. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Internal Migration
2 types: interregional & intraregional
Less disruptive than international
Interregional Migration (between regions)
In past, for farmland (settling of frontier)
Today, economic push & pull factors (jobs)
Migration Between Regions of U.S.
Changing Center of Population
1790 – near Baltimore (on Atlantic coast)
Appalachians & Native Americans as intervening obstacles
Need for shipping links to Europe (coast & navigable rivers)

23. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration Between Regions of U.S.
Early Settlement of Interior
1830 – center of pop near Moorefield, WV (VA at the time)
People attracted by large amounts of cheap land
Transportation – 1816 – 1840 canals (1825 Erie Canal – NYC to Great Lakes & St. Lawrence River)
1880 – center near Cincinnati, OH
CA Gold Rush in 1849
Interior (Great Plains) considered bad for farming (Zebulon Pike) – but now is one of richest farming regions in world
Settlement of Great Plains
Agriculture improvements – barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, well drilling (water pumping)
Transportation – RR’s , 1869 Transcontinental RR, RR land grants from gov’t then sold to farmers/ranchers
1980 – pop center W of MS River for 1st time (in MO)
2000 – pop center in south-central Missouri
Population center has moved steadily West, then South & West

24. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration Between Regions of U.S.
Recent Growth of the South
Pop center moved south beginning in 1920s (sharp in 50s)
Net-in migration to South
Reasons:
Job opportunities
Sun Belt (climate, outdoor recreation)
Decline of Rust Belt manufacturing
Business moving south (right-to-work, tax incentives, lower land & labor costs, etc.)
Avg. income lower in South (improving – much lower in mid and early 1900’s)
African Americans have an opposite trend – South to North (Great Migration) for jobs & leaving discrimination in South
Slowing interregional migration in U.S.
Even job prospects in all regions
Expansion & contraction of service sector at similar rates across the U.S.

25. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration Between Regions of Other Countries
Russia (pop. clustered in west near Europe)
In USSR (Soviet Union), built factories near raw materials – had to relocate people (forced then incentive-based)
Russian Far East (Siberia) filled with minerals & resources
Few migrated because of harsh climate & distance
Fall of USSR ended migration policies
Brazil
Clustered along Atlantic coast in big cities
Tropical interior (Amazon Rain Forest)
Moved capital to Brasilia (600 miles in-land) in 1960
Indonesia
Since 1969 – gov’t paid for migration of 5 mil from Java to other islands (Java contains 2/3 of pop)
People received land, housing materials, seed, & food
Much of land unsuitable to farm & disturbed indigenous people

26. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration Between Regions of Other Countries
Europe
Highest in-migration in highest per capita income areas
Italy – poorer South (Mezzogiorno) move to industrial North for jobs (better farming also in Po River valley)
UK – movement from North (where Industrial Rev began – declining industry) to South (near London)
Advantage to be close to center of Europe (EU)
India
Gov’t requires permits to migrate or visit state of Assam in NE India (protect ethnic identity of Assamese)
Assam also close to neighboring country of Bangladesh

27. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Intraregional Migration (within 1 region)
Since 1800, most common intraregional is rural to urban
1800 – 5% of world in cities, now at 50%
Rural to Urban Migration
Began in 1800’s in Europe & N. America (Industrial Rev.)
Now ¾ urban in most developed countries (has stabilized – very little new urbanization)
Rapid urbanization in LDC’s
Worldwide – 20 mil per year rural to urban (mostly in LDC’s)
Move for economic reasons (jobs, leaving farms)
Ex. of Sao Paulo (Brazil) – 300,000 per year but many must live in squatter settlements (favelas) that lack electricity, running water, sanitation, healthcare, education, paved streets, fire/police, etc.

28. Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Intraregional Migration (within 1 region)
Urban to Suburban (Suburbanization)
2x Americans move from urban to suburbs vs. suburbs to urban per year (similar in other MDC’s)
Usually not related to employment
Reasons: suburban lifestyle, detached house vs. apartment, private yard, more space, safety, garage/driveway for free parking, better schools, easy transportation back to cities, suburban sprawl (rapid growth on former farmland)
Metropolitan to Non-Metropolitan Areas
New trend of counter-urbanization - movement back to small town/rural lifestyle (slower pace, raise veggies/animals, factories in small towns), modern communication & transportation (lack of isolation in MDC’s – TV, Internet, satellite, ATM/EBT, mail
Retirees seeking easy living or access to outdoor leisure
In France – attracted by beaches/climate in south & moving home
Counter-urbanization has stalled in U.S. – economy struggling