1. Cardinal vowels

2. What is a vowel sound?
Consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract,
vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. They are all typically voiced.

3. What is a cardinal vowel?
Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages.
A cardinal vowel is a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low.

4. In describing vowel sounds, we consider the way in which the tongue influences the ‘shape’ through which the airflow must pass.

6. Front /iː/ (long high front spread vowel).
Examples: cream, seen, sea, see,
2. /ɪ/ (short high front spread vowel)
Examples: bit, silly, pin, sit
3. /e/ (short mid front spread vowel)
Examples: bet, head, get, beg
4. /æ/ (Short low front spread vowel)
Examples: cat, dad, act, fact

7. Central
5. /ɜː/ long mid central spread vowel. examples: earth, burn, firm 6. /ə/ short mid central spread vowel. examples: about, clever, ago, teacher 7. /ʌ/ Short low central spread vowel. examples: cut, nut, note: the vowel sound in not and what is the not the same as that in cut and nut

8. Back Vowels
8. /u:/ long high back rounded vowel Examples: boot, glue, moon 9. /ʊ/ short high back rounded vowel examples: put, soot, would, wood 10. /ɔː/ long mid back rounded vowel examples: corn, born, horse 11. /ɒ/ short low back slightly rounded vowel examples: pot, dog, plot, what, not 12. /ɑː/ long low back spread vowel examples: hard, far, car, farm

9. Describe the following
Vowel
High, mid, low
Back, front
Short, long
Rounded/unrounded
/ɪ/
/æ/
/ʌ/
/ɒ/

10. /ɔː/ Vowel High, mid, low Back, front Short, long Rounded/unrounded
/ʊ/
/ɔː/

11. Describe the underlined vowel sound
Glue
Mother
Corn
Cream
Sit
Act
car

12. Diphthongs & Triphthongs

13. Diphthongs: The term diphthong is derived from Greek.
It means “double sound” which is a glide from one vowel to another in the same syllable.
It behaves like a simple vowel in other respects.
They are called falling diphthongs because in them, the first element is more prominent and they also carry length and stress.
Like long vowels, all of them are relatively longer when they occur before voiced sounds or finally.

14. In English, there are 8 diphthongs.
They can be subdivided into 2 categories:
1- Closing diphthongs:
Those diphthongs which have the close vowels /ᶷ/ & /ᴵ/
2- Centering Diphthongs:
Those diphthongs which have the central vowel /ᵊ/

17. Triphthongs:
-A triphthong is a vowel glide with three distinguishable vowel qualities.
- Triphthongs can be looked on as being composed of the five closing diphthongs described with /ᵊ/ added at the end.

18. Ending in/ᴵ/+ /ᵊ/ Ending in /ᶷ/+/ᵊ/
Triphthong ( Closing Diphthong + /ᵊ/)
Ending in/ᴵ/+ /ᵊ/ Ending in /ᶷ/+/ᵊ/

19. - In English, there are, said to be, five triphthongs formed by adding /ᵊ/ to the closing diphthongs.
Layer, player, mayor
Fire, higher, liar
royal, loyal
Lower, mower
Power, hour

20. Transcribe the following
Fire
Higher
Hour
Layer
Liar
Lower
Loyal
Mayor
Mower
Player
Power
Royal
Soya
Slower
Flyer

21. The end