1. Grant of ‘Diwani,’ Mughal Emperor Shah Alam to Robert Clive
Grant of Diwani Shah Alam to Clive c.1818

2. East India Company Troops

3. Sepoys in the East India Company Army

4. India and World War I Army: 1918 - 1.2 million man army
Fight in Europe, East Africa, Middle East
Mesopotamia: 60,000 killed
Noncombatants
Defense expenditure increase 300%

5. Mesopotamia

7. Indian Memorial (Port Arthur)

8. More than 65,000 Indian Soldiers died in and around Ypres, Belgium

11. Sikh Soldier, WWI

12. Indian Soldiers Convalescing in Brighton

13. Convalescing in the Brighton Pavilion

14. India and World War I Fiscal Implications: Raise income tax
Raise customs duties
Inflationary pressures
Price of food grains doubled
Price of imports almost tripled
Generally, period of acute distress

15. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869-1948

16. Gandhi ‘a completely unofficial man’
Eroded the moral authority and then the political power of the British empire in India.

17. Gandhi’s Political Philosophy
Satyagraha
Ahimsa

18. Satyagraha Satya (truth) agraha (struggle)
“truth-force”
Basic principles
Careful study/fact gathering
Public statement of objectives
Opportunity for mutually-agreed settlement
Launch agitation
Objective: convince opponent of rightness of satyagrahi’s cause
Ahimsa – nonviolence
Nonviolent, non-cooperation

19. Gandhi as the “father” of modern India
Promote Rights of Peasants
Revitalize India’s Villages
Eradicate Untouchability
Pursue Gender Equality
Encourage hand-spinning

20. Gandhi and Kasturbai in 1915

21. Barrister in Johannesburg, 1906

22. London Vegetarian Society, 1890

23. Gandhi in South Africa

24. Gandhi in South Africa, 1893-1914
Encountered racism in its extreme form
Sense of national identity strengthened
Devised satyagraha
First experiments with communal living
Adopted celibacy
Began to lose faith in the British Empire

25. Gandhi and Gokhale, South Africa, 1912

26. Libya, Dec. 1941

27. Burma, 1943

28. Scout Crew, Italy

29. Bologna, Italy

30. Indian Soldiers in Italy

31. British Indian Army: 2.5 million men
India and WWII
British Indian Army: 2.5 million men
Use of Indian revenues to pay for army
Debt: £1.3 Billion
High Inflation in India
Bengal Famine

38. Zainul Abedin
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