1. The First People

2. The First People Nomads moved from place to place
The first people were Paleo
Paleo = Ancient

3. Paleo People Believed to have appeared after first ice age
Walked from Asia to North America
Some dry places now had water then

5. Clues: Stone tools, skeletons of large animals
No clues to housing
Story telling
Columbus called them Indians because he thought he reached India

6. Folsom 1908: First discovery McJunkin found skeletons of large animals
Giant bison bones had the Folsom point lodged in them

7. Giant Bear Giant Bison Woolly Mammoths Giant Ground Sloth
Saber tooth tiger
Giant Bison

8. Clovis Point 1928: Second discovery Ridgley Whiteman (boy scout)
Mammoth bones found with the Clovis point

9. Clovis Point Bigger than Folsom
Clovis thought to be before Folsom people
Bigger point= bigger game

10. Clovis Folsom

11. Clovis vs. Folsom Clovis and Folsom = Paleo
Spears = rock and animal horns
Gathered seeds, roots, and nuts

12. What happened? Some believed they left due to lack of food
Others believe the drought killed them
Many believe a combination of these

13. Adapting The climate became warmer Spruce and birch adapted
Bison adapted but the mammoth could not

14. DAILY QUESTIONS What does Paleo mean? Who were the first paleo people?
What happened to the Paleo people?

15. ANSWERS Paleo means ancient Clovis and Folsom
Either moved to another area or starved due to the drought

16. Archaic People

17. Who were they? Came after the Paleo people Not as nomadic
Built seasonal housing
Hunted smaller animals

18. Following the Seasons Summer they lived near marshes
Ate lizards, insects, mice, gophers, and collected duck eggs

19. Ricegrass seeds
Cattails
Sunflower Seeds

20. Following the Seasons Late summers = mountains and mesas
Dried animal meat for winter
Fall = deserts
Winter = foothills

21. Farmers Archaic people dug canals
Food producers rather than food gatherers
Developed a more complex society and culture

22. Sculptures
Baskets
Pottery

23. Pithouses Built homes they could return to First housing = pithouse
Saved tools for later

25. Hunting Most important discovery = atatl
The atatl made hunting more effective

26. Atlatl

27. Basketry Used for storing seeds and other food
Agave and Yucca fibers were used
1000 mouse skins = 1 robe

28. Grinding Seeds Seeds = flour Mano = small stone
Metate = larger, flatter stone

29. DAILY QUESTIONS
What did the Archaic people leave behind in the pithouses for the following year?
What two fibers were used to make baskets?
How many mouse skins did it take to make one robe?

30. ANSWERS The Archaic people left tools behind for the following year
They used Agave and Yucca fibers to make baskets
It took 1000 mouse skins to make one robe

31. Mogollon People

32. Background Named after Mogollon Mt. Full-time farmers
Planted crops on mesas
Could not build large irrigation canals

33. Used small dams instead
Still were hunter-gatherers
First to develop and use a bow and arrow
Always had fresh fruit

34. Village Life Made up of pithouses Centered a Kiva Kiva – sacred area
Sipapu = passageway to underworld
Kachina = spirit
Women were not allowed in kivas

36. Pithouse to Pueblo Began building multi-room houses
Spanish called these villages Pueblos
Mogollon learned from Ancestral Pueblo people

38. What happened? Moved to a different area
Joined the Ancestral Pueblo people
Disperssed

39. Ancestral Pueblo People

40. Background Anasazi = first pueblo group Anasazi means “ancient enemy”
Ancestral Puebloans = ancient ones

41. Farmers Mesas and canyons Colorful corn
Used the canyon walls for irrigation

43. Dry Farming Worked well with high elevations
Used dead plants to prevent moisture from escaping

44. DAILY QUESTIONS Who were the first people to use a bow and arrow?
What does Anasazi mean in Navajo?
What did the Ancestral Puebloans leave behind to prevent moisture from escaping?

45. ANSWERS Mogollon people were the first to use a bow and arrow
Anasazi means “ancient enemy” in Navajo
Ancient Puebloans used dead plants

46. Pueblo Housing Pueblos were first used for storage
Built with hand cut stones
Each Pueblo had at least one Kiva

47. Pueblos

48. Protection and Storage
Ground floors had no doors or windows
Ground levels were for storage

49. Social Structure Matriarchal society Labor was shared
Religious and Government the men held the power

50. Art
Skilled Craftsmen
Pottery, jewelry, clothing, petroglyphs, pictographs
Designs showed hunters, animals, & other important images of the world

51. Petroglyphs: A rock carving
Pictograph: A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase

52. What Happened? 13th century brought a drought
Ancestral Puebloans moved south
Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma

53. Cliff Dwellings Chaco Canyon abandoned around A.D 1150
Housed families
Hidden from view

54. Chaco Canyon Largest Puebloan community Pueblo Bonito
Great North Road: Network of roads

55. Sun Dagger
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56. DAILY QUESTIONS What were Pueblos first used for?
Why did the Puebloans build in the side of the Mesas?
What did the designs on Pueblo pottery show?

57. ANSWERS Pueblos were first used for storage
Puebloans built in the side of Mesas because the forest and Mesa offered protection from their enemies
The designs showed hunters, animals, and other important images of the world around them

58. What symbols do you see in each of the images?
Egyptian Native American
What symbols do you see in each of the images?
What might the symbols represent?
What differences do you see?
Do you think the two ancient civilizations were connected? Why or why not?

59. Non-Pueblo Indians Navajo and Apache = Dine
Athabascan = common language

60. Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers
1500s, still nomadic
Some planted crops, but didn’t settle
A.D 1200 arrived from Canada

61. Trading and Raiding Traded with the Ancestral Puebloans
Tough times they raided
Stole: Food, weapons, tools, women, and children

62. Navajo Largest group of Native Americans
Navajo Nation is the largest in the country
Second largest tribe in NM
Sheepherding and growing corn

63. Navajo Housing Hogan = a place home 5+ sides No windows
Door always faces east
Today they are ceremonial places

64. Hogan

65. Sand Paintings Harmony and balance with nature
Medicine men make sand paintings to heal the sick
Important colors: white, blue, yellow, and black

67. Blessingway
Songs and chants that keep the Navajo in balance with the universe
Protection over homes, expecting mothers, and right of passage

68. DAILY QUESTIONS What do the Apache and Navajo call themselves?
What are the four important colors in Sand Paintings?
What do the four colors represent?

69. ANSWERS They call themselves Dine
The four colors are white, blue, yellow, and black
They represent the four sacred mountains

70. Apache Fierce Warriors Zuni called them Apachu meaning enemy
Don Juan de Onate changed Apachu to Apache

71. Nomadic Housing was temporary Teepee and the wickiup
Teepees were taken
Wickiups were left behind

72. Wickiup
Teepee

73. Tribal Unity Lack of unity Organized into bands
Bands = family members
Decisions were made by the whole

74. Religious Practices
Not as important
Curing ceremony
Good shaman = more influence than the chief
Navajo, Pueblo, and Christian

75. Right of Passage
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76. Modern Apache Two main Apaches = Jicarilla and Mescalero
Mescalero is the larger of the 2
Jicarilla is in Rio Arriba

77. DAILY QUESTIONS Who changed the Apache’s name from Apachu to Apache?
What is the difference between a teepee and a wickiup?
What three religions do Apaches draw their religious beliefs from?

78. ANSWERS Don Juan de Onate changed their name from Apachu to Apache
A teepee is movable, but a wickiup was left behind
They draw their religious beliefs from Navajo, Pueblo, and Christian