1. Poetry
English 9

2. What is Poetry? literature that is written in meter/verse
something that follows a particular flow of rhythm and meter
attempts to take rich, deep thoughts and “pack” them into a few words

3. Basic Terms of Poetry

4. Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word

5. Connotation
The implied or suggested meaning connected with a word.

6. Literal Meaning
Limited to the simplest, ordinary, most obvious meaning

7. Figurative Meaning
Associative or connotative meaning; representational

8. Meter
Measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a line of verse

9. Rhyme
Correspondence of terminal sounds of words or of lines of verse.

10. Rhyme There are three main types of end-rhymes:
1. True rhyme occurs exactly on one stressed syllable EX. car, far
2. Two syllable rhyme uses words of more than one syllable and occurs when the accented syllable rhymes EX. buckle, knuckle
3. Off-rhyme or Slant Rhyme occurs when words sound very similar but do not correspond in sound exactly EX. down, noon

11. Figurative Language of Poetry

12. Hyperbole Exaggeration for emphasis (the opposite of understatement).
Example: “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”

13. Metaphor Something is something else.
Example: “[Love] is an ever fixed mark, / that looks on tempests and is never shaken.”

14. Oxymoron
A combination of two words that appear to contradict each other.
Example: bittersweet/ army intelligence

15. Paradox
A situation or phrase that appears to be contradictory but which contains a truth worth considering.
Example: “In order to preserve peace, we must prepare for war.”

16. Personification
Giving inanimate objects or abstract concepts living qualities.
Example: “Time let me play/ and be golden in the mercy of his means.”
“The trash can tossed its guts on the floor.”

17. Simile
Comparison between to essentially unlike things using words such as “like,” “as,” or “as though.”
Example: “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun.”

18. Poetic Devices

19. Irony
A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant (verbal irony), or what is expected in a particular circumstance or behavior (situational), or when a character speaks in ignorance of a situation known to the audience or other characters (dramatic).
Example: “Time held me green and dying
Though I sang in my chains like the
sea.”

20. Imagery
Word or sequence of words representing a sensory experience (Visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory).
Example: “bells knelling classes to a close” auditory

21. Symbol An object or action that stands for something beyond itself.
Example: White = innocence, purity, hope

22. Alliteration
The repetition of consonant sounds, particularly at the beginning of words
Example: “…like a wanderer white.”

23. Assonance The repetition of similar vowel sounds.
Example: “I rose and told him of my woe.”

24. Onomatopoeia The use of words to imitate the sounds they describe.
Example: Crack or whip

25. Allusion
A reference to the person, event, or work outside the poem or literary piece.
Example: “Shining, it was Adam and maiden.”

26. Form of Poetry

27. Open
Poetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme, line length, and metrical form.

28. Closed
Poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern.

29. Stanza
Unit of a poem often repeated in the same form throughout a poem; a unit of poetic lines (“verse paragraph”)

30. Blank Verse
Unrhymed iambic pentameter.

31. Free Verse
Lines with no prescribed pattern or structure.

32. Couplet
A pair of lines, usually rhymed

33. Quatrain
Four line stanza or grouping of verse

34. Sonnet
Fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter with a prescribed rhyme scheme; its subject is traditionally that of love.

35. English (Shakespearean) Sonnet
A sonnet probably made popular by Shakespeare with the following rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg

36. Measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a line of verse
METER
Measured pattern of rhythmic accents in a line of verse

37. Stress
Greater amount of force used to pronounce one syllable over another.

38. Foot
A group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm

39. Rising meter
Meter containing metrical feet that move from the unstressed to stressed syllables.

40. Falling Meter
Meter containing metrical feet that move from stressed to unstressed syllables

41. Iambic (iamb)
A metrical foot containing two syllables --- the first is unstressed, while the second is stressed

42. Iambic Pentameter
A traditional form of rising meter consisting of lines containing five iambic feet (and, thus, ten syllables)

43. Other Important Pieces
Theme - what the poem is all about
the theme of the poem is the central idea that the poet wants to convey
it can be a story, or a thought, or a description of something or someone
Mood—the predominant emotion, attitude, tone, or atmosphere of a piece of literature

44. Strategies for Reading Poetry
Preview the poem—notice the poem’s form: its shape, length, title (why did the poet choose that particular title?) length of its lines, and whether or not it has stanzas.
Visualize the images—in your mind’s eye, picture the images and comparisons the poem makes. Do the images remind you of feelings or experiences you have had?
Try to figure out the theme/main idea—ask yourself, “What’s the point of this poem? What message is the poet trying to send or help me create? Why did the poet write this poem in the first place?”

45. Strategies for Reading Poetry
READ AND REREAD THE POEM UNTIL YOU UNDERSTAND—much “heavy reading” must be pondered and thought about over and over again until it is understood. If some of the most intelligent people in the world have to reread literature in order to understand it, don’t you think that you have to?
Above all: Enjoy and have fun! Put yourself in the “puzzle” mode trying to figure out what the poem’s message is.

46. Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein
There is a place where the sidewalk ends And before the street begins, And there the grass grows soft and white, And there the sun burns crimson bright, And there the moon-bird rests from his flight To cool in the peppermint wind. Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black And the dark street winds and bends. Past the pits where the asphalt flowers grow We shall walk with a walk that is measured and slow, And watch where the chalk-white arrows go To the place where the sidewalk ends. Yes we'll walk with a walk that is measured and slow, And we'll go where the chalk-white arrows go, For the children, they mark, and the children, they know The place where the sidewalk ends.

47. Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes
What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?

48. Six Traits of Poetry Writing
1. The Idea – the heart of your poem, point of your message
2. The Organization – the internal structure
3. The Voice – evidence of the writer behind the message
4. The Word Choice – the vocabulary or terminology used
5. The Fluency – the rhythm and flow - how it plays to the ear
6. The Form – the mechanical structure and correctness there of