1. Economic Recovery Sparks Change
Chapter 7.4
Economic Recovery Sparks Change

2. Objective We are going to learn about:
How new tech. sparked an agricultural revolution
How the revival of trade revolutionized commerce and led to the growth of towns
As commerce and cities grow, the middle class emerges

3. This is important b/c……
This is the beginning of the end of the Dark, Medieval, or Middle Ages.

4. Focus Q: Monday, Oct. 7
How have farmers increased agricultural output throughout history?
What was the impact of farmers producing more food?

5. Rise of Europe

7. An Agricultural Revolution
Beginnings of economic growth by Begins in countryside 2. New farming technologies produce more food and populations grow fast

8. Technology Improves Farming
1. By 800s, peasants using iron plows, better than wood plows
N. European soil heavier than Medit. soil
2. New harness: could use horses, not oxen
Horses faster, plow more land, raise more crops

13. Production and Population Grow
Lords who want more income have peasants:
Clear forests, drain swamps, reclaim wasteland
New 3-tier system—only 1/3 unplanted
1 field w/ grain
1 field w/ legumes: peas, beans
1 field lies fallow: nothing planted

14. Fallow fields & crop rotation

15. Production and Population Grow
**Legumes restore fertility to soil,
add protein to diet **
1. More food, more people
European pop. nearly triples
What sounds familiar here?
Remember the Neolithic Revolution?

16. Revival of Trade and Travel
Europe’s population grows
Feudal warfare, foreign invasions declined
People felt safer and traveled more

17. Trade Routes Expand
Traders form merchant companies that travel together for safety: armed caravans
Europe to Middle East to East Asia
Goods traded: Chinese silks,
Byzantine gold jewelry Asian spices Europeans trade honey, furs, cloth, tin, lead
Some trade associations (Hanseatic League): punish robber and pirates, build lighthouses, train ship pilots

18. Medieval Trade
Medieval Trade

19. Growth of Towns and Cities
Trade fairs closed in the fall.
Merchants wintered near castles or towns
These areas attract artisans—sell stuff to traders
Become 1st medieval cities
By 1400, some over 100 K people

20. Growth of Towns and Cities
**Richest towns were in N. Italy and Flanders: ends of profitable north-south trade line**
Were centers for wool and textile trade

21. Flanders

22. Growth of Towns and Cities
To protect their interests, merchants new to town asked the king or local lord of a **charter**
**Written document spelling out rights and privileges of the town**
Cost lump sum, yearly fee or both

23. Growth of Cities and Towns
Many charters had a clause popular w/ runaway serfs: live in a town 1 year and 1 day, your free
Also, manors became overcrowded—lords often let peasants buy their freedom, they moved to towns

24. A Commercial Revolution
As trade revived, use of money increased
Need for capital ($) stimulates growth in banking for loans
Merchants extend credit

25. Beginnings of Modern Business
Merchants for partnerships
Have more $ to invest, share the risk
Develop insurance: protects your shipments
Methods of **credit**
**From Muslims**
Don’t have to carry gold

26. Beginnings of Modern Business
**Partnerships, insurance, and credit lead to a commercial revolution**

27. A little humor…..
Did you hear about the mummy who went on vacation to relax and unwind?
Did you hear about the banker who sat on the freezer and got his assets frozen?
What’s a 7 letter word containing thousands of letters?
mailbox

28. Society Begins to Change
1. Use of $ undermines serfdom
Serfs sell farm products. Can pay rent in $, instead of labor
Church forbade Christians to lend $ at interest—called usury
Jews, barred from other professions, get into lending
Their success leads to resentment and anti-semitism

29. Rise of the Middle Class
**Merchants, traders, artisans form the new middle class**
Nobles despise them: disruptive influence in towns
Clergy despise them: profits made from usury, lending $ at interest

30. Role of the Guilds
Guild Hall

31. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

32. Limited membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Medieval Guilds
Commercial Monopoly: to protect their economic interests, ie. no competition
Limited membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices, regulate hours

33. Role of Guilds
Also, operated schools and hospitals, provided support for widows and orphans of members
Women had their own guilds and worked in dozens of crafts.

34. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

35. Becoming a Guild Member
1. Apprentice: train with a master
7 years learning trade
Not paid, got food, housing, sometimes cloths
2. Journeyman: salaried worker, low pay
3. Guild master: rarely became guild master unless you were related to one

36. Guilds: which professions do you recognize? Are these last names?
Bakers, cobblers, butchers
Jewelers, stone masons, carpenters
Coopers, tailors, blacksmiths
Harness maker, weaver, bookbinder
Architect, leatherworker, banker
apothecaries, painter, sculptor

37. Town and City Life
Were surrounded by high, protective walls—like a castle?
Newcomers settled outside the walls
Towns were overcrowded—added 2nd, 3rd stories
Most cities were a jumble of narrow streets and tall houses
Fire was a constant threat

39. Town and City Life: read, any thoughts
Neighborhoods were people of similar backgrounds, professions
Daytime: loud, busy
Nightime: streets deserted
No garbage or sewer systems
Waste thrown in streets
Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy, crowded: perfect for spreading disease

40. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

42. 7.4 Left Side Use Color!
Create a guild crest of an occupation that you would have enjoyed if you had lived during the middle ages.
Include at least 4 symbols of your guild
2. At the bottom of your crest, establish rules (3+) and/or requirements for joining your guild.

43. Guilds Bakers, cobblers, butchers Jewelers, stone masons, carpenters
Coopers, tailors, blacksmiths
Harness maker, weaver, bookbinder
Architect, leatherworker, banker
apothecaries, painter, sculptor

44. Ch. 7 creative side activity
Draw 3 pictures w/ captions for the following topics:
Vassals, lords, knights or serfs.
Treatment of Jews in Medieval times.
Anything to do w/ the power, influence of the Christian Church in Medieval times.
Think: papal supremacy, women, sacraments, Benedictine Rule, etc.