1. The Skeletal System

3. Axial skeleton: long axis (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles

4. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Cranium (skull)
Mandible (jaw)
Vertebral column (spine)
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum (breastbone)
Ribs
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Coxal (pelvic girdle)
Humerus (arm)
Radius, ulna (forearm)
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (hand)
Phalanges (fingers, toes)
Femur (thigh)
Tibia, fibula (leg)
Tarsal, metatarsals (foot)
Calcaneus (heel)
Patella (knee)

5. Functions of the Bones Support body and cradle soft organs
Protect vital organs
Movement: muscles move bones
Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & growth factors
Blood cell formation in bone marrow
Triglyceride (fat) storage

6. Bone Structure
Flat Bones – platelike structures with broad surfaces Examples: ribs, scapulae Irregular Bones – variety of shapes Examples: vertebrae, facial bones
Long bones – long longitudinal axes and expanded ends
Examples: forearm, thigh
Short Bones – somewhat cubelike, with roughly equal lengths and widths.
Examples: wrist/ankle bones

8. Parts of a Long Bones Epiphysis – end of a long bone
Articular cartilage – covers the ends of bones in synovial joints
Diaphysis – shaft of a long bone
Periosteum – dense connective tissue covering the surface of the bone
Compact Bone – dense bone tissue
Spongy Bone – bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces
Trabeculae – branching, bony plates in marrow
Medullary Cavity – cavity containing red or yellow marrow
Endosteum – tissue lining the medullary cavity in a bone
Marrow – connective tissue in spaces in bones

10. Adult = 206 bones
Types of bone tissue:
Compact bone: outer layer – dense & solid
Spongy bone: inner layer - open spaces, marrow
Features:
Very hard (calcium salts)
Light weight
Ability to resist tension and forces (collagen fibers)

11. Spongy vs. Compact Bone

12. Bone Development and Growth
Parts of the skeletal system begin to form during the first few weeks of prenatal development.
Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
Osteocytes – osteoblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix
Ossification – the formation of bone
Most of the bones of the skeleton are endochondral bones

13. Epiphyseal plates

14. Epiphyseal plates

15. Bone function SUPPORT AND PROTECTION BODY MOVEMENT
Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devise called levers.

16. Bone function cont. BLOOD CELL FORMATION
Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell formation
There are 2 types of marrow in the bone, yellow and red.
Red marrow function in the formation of red blood cells
Yellow marrow stores fat and is not active in blood cell formation
STORAGE OF INORGANIC SALTS
Bones store calcium, mostly in the form of calcium phosphate
Bones also store small amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate ions.
Bones can accumulate harmful metals such as lead and radium

17. Skeletal organization
Grab a textbook and turn to page 142
Use figure 7.9 to label the skeletal system worksheet

18. The Skull
2 bone types:
Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the skull
Facial – form the face

19. “Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanelles
Fibrous connective tissue that connect the incompletely developed flat bones

20. Skull Grab a textbook and turn to page 146
Use figure 7.12 to label the skull worksheet

21. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Vertebrae are classified into regions:
Cervical – neck, 5 vertebrae
Thoracic – upper/middle back, 12 vertebrae
Lumbar – lower back, 5 vertebrae
Sacrum – triangular structure, 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx – tailbone, 4 fused vertebrae
Turn to page 151 in the textbook and use figure 7.17 to label the spine
The vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis of the skeleton.
It is composed of many bony parts, called vertebrae, that are separated by masses of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs

22. joints

23. joints
Fibrous Joints – lie between bones that closely contact one another
Examples: skull, tibia/fibula
Cartilaginous Joints – joints connected by fibrocartilage. Allows limited movement
Examples: vertebrae, first rib/sternum

24. Joints cont. Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder, hip
Most joints in the skeletal system are synovial joints, which allow free movement.
Menisci – fibrocartilage that absorbs shock
Bursae – fluid-filled sacs to aid in movement of tendons over bone
Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder, hip
Condylar joint – metacarpals, phalanges
Gliding/Plane joint – wrist, ankle
Hinge joint – elbow, phalanges
Pivot joint – radius/ulna, spine
Saddle joint - thumb

26. Joint disorders
Sprains – overstretching or tearing the connective tissues, including cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, that are associated with a joint
Bursitis – Overuse of a joint or stress on a bursa

27. Joint disorders cont Arthritis – inflamed, swollen and painful joints
Rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the body’s healthy tissues.
Osteoarthritis – degenerative disorder due to aging or a poorly healed injury, may also be inherited
Lyme arthritis – caused by lyme disease

28. Fractures (Breaks) Classified by:
Position of bone – nondisplaced (normal) or displaced (bone out of alignment)
Completeness of break – complete (broken through) or incomplete
Orientation to long axis of bone – linear (parallel to bone) or transverse (perpendicular to bone)
If bone penetrates skin – open (compound) fracture or closed (simple) fracture

29. Bone fractures
Greenstick fracture
Fissured fracture

30. Bone fractures cont
Comminuted fracture
Transverse fracture

31. Bone fractures cont
Spiral fracture
Oblique fracture

32. Male vs. Female Bone Structure

33. Male vs. Female Bone Structure

34. Male vs. Female Bone Structure

35. Bone Structure: Gender Differences
Male Skull
Larger and heavier
Forehead shorter
Face less round
Jaw larger
Mastoid processes more prominent
Male pelvic bones
Heavier and thicker
Obturator foramen and acetabula are larger and closer together

36. Bone Structure: Gender Differences
Male pelvic cavity
Narrower and longer
Less roomy and more funnel shaped
Male sacrum
Narrower
Sacral promontory projects forward
Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly
Male coccyx
Less movable

37. Bones you will need to identify
- Ribs - Metatarsals
- Sternum - Humerus
- Pelvic Girdle - Radius
- Clavicle - Ulna
- Femur - Carpals
- Tibia - Metacarpals
- Fibula - Phalanges
- Tarsals - Patella
- Scapula - Skull
- Vertebrae frontal bone
- atlas zygomatic bone
- axis parietal bone
- cervical temporal bone
- thoracic occipital bone
- lumbar
- sacrum fused
- coccyx fused