1. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbon and carbon-based compounds
Organic Chemistry in everyday life:
Smells & tastes: fruits, chocolate, fish, mint
Medications: Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, Sedatives
Addictive substances: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, Narcotics
Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Adrenaline, Epinephrine
Food/Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins
Genetics: DNA, RNA
Consumer products: Plastics, Nylon, Rayon, Polyester

2. Big Idea in Organic Chemistry
Structure controls Function
Each functional group has predictable reactivity

3. Drawing Organic Structures
Shortcuts make structures easier & faster to draw
Butane: C4H10
Lewis Structure
Carbon Atoms
Line Structure
Only shows bonds
C atoms assumed at each end and intersection of bonds
H atoms not shown
Assume 4 bonds to each C
Fulfill C’s 4 bonds by adding H’s
Condensed Structures
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3

4. Types of Organic Compounds
Classified according to functional group
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Ether
Ketone
Aldehyde
Carboxylic acid
Amine
Amino acid
Amide

5. Names of Linear Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents
C atoms
Alkane
Alkyl substituents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
-CH3
-CH2CH3
-CH2CH2CH3
methyl
ethyl
propyl
etc.
Root: number of C atoms
Suffix: functional group
(-ane for alkanes)
(-yl for alkyl groups)

6. H C C H
Methane
CH4
Butane
C4H10 H C ? C H ? R R
Methyl
-CH3
Butyl
-C4H9
Where R = any other C atom or arrangement of C atoms

7. Common Names of other Alkyl Substituents
Remember that R = any carbon chain R
3 carbons R
isopropyl
alphabetized as “i”
“iso” indicates symmetry R R
isobutyl
alphabetized as “i”
4 carbons 2o R R 2o
sec-butyl
alphabetized as “b”
Secondary carbon R 3o 3o R
tert-butyl
alphabetized as “b”
Tertiary carbon

8. Naming Practice C H 2 - methylbutane butane Expanded Structure
Line Structure H C
2 - methylbutane
butane

9. Naming Practice H H CH3 H C C C H H C H H C H H C H H 4,4-dimethyl
Line Structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 H H C H H C H H C H H
4,4-dimethyl
hexane
3,3-dimethyl
hexane
Lowest sum of numbers
is correct

10. Hydrocarbons Number of Carbon Atoms Alkanes CnH2n + 2 Alkenes CnH2n
Alkynes
CnH2n-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
____
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
_______
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene
Heptene
Octene
Nonene
Decene
_______
Ethyne
Propyne
Butyne
Pentyne
Hexyne
Heptyne
Octyne
Nonyne
Decyne
____
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C9H16
C10H18

11. Alcohols (R-OH) R = -CH3 ‘methyl’ R = -CH2CH3 ‘ethyl’ Methanol
(methyl alcohol)
Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol)
R = -CH ‘methyl’
R = -CH2CH3 ‘ethyl’
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 437

12. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Alcohols
Primary (1o)
Alcohol
Secondary (2o)
Alcohol
Tertiary (3o)
Alcohol
Carbon attached
to OH group R1 OH H C R1 OH H R2 C R1 OH R3 R2 C
Alkyl
group
Examples:
CH3 OH H C
CH3 OH H C
CH3 OH C 1o 2o 3o
(One alkyl group)
(Two alkyl groups)
(Three alkyl groups)

13. Aldehydes and Ketones O Aldehyde R-C-H Ketone R-C-R' O Acetaldehyde
(CH3CH)
ethanal, ethyl aldehyde O
Formaldehyde
(CH2O)
methanal
Acetone
(CH3COCH3)
dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 453

14. Dimethyl Ether Dimethyl ether C2H6O Flammable anesthesia
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 446

15. R- Functional Groups -CH3 methyl -CH2CH2CH2CH3 butyl CH3CHCH2CH3 H
sec-butyl
-CH2CH3
ethyl
– CH2 – C – CH3 H
CH3
isobutyl
-CH2CH2CH3
propyl
CH3CCH3 H
isopropyl
– C – CH3
CH3
tert-butyl

16. Alkenes and Alkynes Alkene Alkynes Double bonds Triple bonds ethene
A ball-and-stick model of ethene C2H4,
the simplest alkene.
ethyne (acetylene)
A ball-and-stick model of acetylene
(IUPAC name ethyne)
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 409

17. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Alkadiene
General
formula
CnH2n + 2
CnH2n
CnH2n - 2
CnH2n - 2
Typical
structural
formula
– C – C – C – C –
– C = C – C – C –
– C = C – C – C –
– C = C – C = C –
butane
1-butene
1-butyne
1,3-butadiene
Carbon-carbon
bond type
all single bonds
one double bond
one triple bond
two double bonds
Naming
suffix
-ane
-ene
-yne
-diene

18. Cycloalkanes Formula CnH2n Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane
Condensed Structural
Formula
Geometric
Formula
Formula
CnH2n
Name
Cyclopropane
Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 388

19. Benzene
An Aromatic Compound
C6H6
Resonance structures
Kekule’s dream