1. Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor Stephen D Krashen
Ananta Dwi Cahya
Desy Paradina
Shofi Naqiyah
Wisnu Dwiyantoro

2. The Outline Monitor Users Definition
General Characteristic of Monitor Users
2. Three Types of Monitor Users
Optimalusers
Overusers
Underusers
3. Conclusion

3. MONITOR USERS

4. Definition
A person who uses self-correction in the second language production or second language learning.

5. General Characteristic of Monitor Users
Edit their second language output
Different types and amounts of errors
Show an overt concern

6. Case Studies of Monitor Users (1)
Krashen and Pon ( 1975 )
The name : P
Result : - Over a 3-week period and about 80 erros were tabulated
- Able to communicate well in both Monitor free and edited situation

7. Case Studies of Monitor Users(2)
2. Cohen and Robbins ( 1976 )
The name : Ue-lin and Eva
Result :
Can self-correction
Describe her error as “careless”

8. Three Types of Monitor Users
Optimal Users
Overusers
Uderusers

9. The Optimal User

10. Definition
Performers who use the Monitor when it is appropriate and when it does not interfere with communication.

11. The Overuser

12. Definition
They are all the time obsessed with the grammaticality of their speech.

13. Case Studies of Overuser (1)
Stafford and Covitt (1978)
The Name : S
Result :
Speaks very little
Try to remember and use grammar rules
Does not trust her intuitions about English

14. Case Studies of Overuser (2)
2. Birnbaum (1976)
The Name : Hector
Result :
Not a single lengthy utterance
Over 69 instances of repair

15. The Underuser

16. Definition
Underusers are those who do not use their conscious knowledge.

17. Does not seem to use a Monitor
Does not seem to use the concious grammar at all
The target language is spoken

18. The Case Studies of Underuser
Stafford and Covitt
The Name : V
ESL student
Values the study of grammar highly

19. The Case Studies of Underuser ( 2 )
Stafford and Covitt
The Name : I
Studied English formaly
Values concious rules highly

21. Conclusion Three types of Monitor Users : Optimal Users
Use the Monitor when it is appropriate
2. Overusers
Obsessed with the grammaticality of their speech
3. Underusers
Do not use their conscious knowledge

22. References
Krashen, S.D Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning . University of Southern California .

23. Question