1. The Structures and Purposes of Music

2. 1.1 Purposes of Music Ceremonial: ritual, celebration, commemoration.
Recreational: music as a means of diversion to support recreational activities, dances, social gatherings, festivals.
Artistic Expression: To communicate emotion, feeling, ideas or information (narrative).

3. Elements of Music
1. Melody - The main theme or part of a musical composition, the “tune” (something you can sing, hum, play, or whistle).
Pitch is the highness or lowness of sounds.

4. Accidentals
Are used to raise or lower pitch

5. Music Elements
2. Harmony - Accompanying parts or musical lines that are not the melody
By instruments or voice
No instruments, just voice is call- a cappella
Texture-thickness of sound
monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic.

6. Three Textures of Harmony
Monophonic (one sound) music is performed in unison;
Everyone sings or plays the same part or pitches at the same time. Example-Gregorian Chant

7. Homophonic Same sound music has multiple or different parts
sung or played at the same time,
Example-hymn or chorale.

8. Polyphonic Many sounds music has multiple, independent parts that are
sung or played at the same time or different times.
Examples of rounds (canon) and madrigals

9. 3. Rhythm
Patterns of sounds and silence, pulse (beat). How the sounds and silence divide time.
The bar lines on the staff divide the sections into measures.
Fraction at beginning of staff is called a meter signature or time signature.

10. 1.2 Continuing Elements 4.Duration
The duration of musical sound is shown by using different kinds of notes. The duration of silence is notated using rests.

11. Staff
The musical staff is made up of five horizontal lines and four spaces.

12. Used for higher instruments/voices
Treble Clef (G Clef)
Read bottom to top
Bottom notes lower
Top notes higher
Lines
Every
Good
Boy
Does
Fine
Spaces
FACE
Used for higher instruments/voices

13. Used for lower instruments/voices
Bass Clef (F Clef)
Lines
Good
Burritos
Don’t
Fall
Apart
Spaces
All
Cows
Eat
Grass

14. Grand Staff (both together)

15. You will have to be able to identify, label and know value

16. A little bit of math….

17. 5. Tempo
Speed of the beat or pulse. Whether or not the speed changes and how it changes.
Allegro - Fast
Moderato - Moderate
Adagio - Slow
Largo - Very Slow
Metronome is a mechanical device that ticks or beeps audibly at a steady tempo

18. 6.Dynamics
Dynamics are degrees of loudness or softness (volume) and the intensity of sound.
Forte (strong or loud)
Piano (soft).
Crescendo-increase the volume
Decrescendo-decrease the volume

19. 7. Timbre/Tone Color
The quality of sound as determined by the instruments or voices that are performing the music.
Instruments
Voices
Woodwinds
Soprano (F) Tenor (M)
Brass
Mezzo Soprano (F) Baritone (M)
Strings
Alto (F) Bass (M)
Percussion

20. 1.3 Music Forms AB
ABA
Rondo- form has a main theme is repeated but other parts added ABACA or ABACABA
Theme and Variation mostly seen in classical periods as a symphony.
Call and Response- ritual and religious music, and in music used for teaching.

21. Music Forms
Round (Canon) - Simple melody performed by different groups of singers starting at different times.
Example: Row, Row, Row Your Boat.
Verse and Chorus (Verse and Refrain) - Verses with the same melody but different words, ending with a refrain or chorus each time that has the same melody and words.

22. Opera Combines music and theatre
Involves a story sung on stage with sets, costumes, lights and an orchestra.
Began in the early 1600s in Italy.
Overture – This is the music played by the orchestra before the curtain opens for the first act.
Aria –the song sung by a principal character in the opera.
Recitative - is the sung dialogue between the performers that moves the plot along.
It is like sung speech.