1. WWI USA tips balance Military race Imperialism Nationalism
Treaty of Versailles

2. World War I Summary British controlled sea approaches to Europe
French draw soldiers, laborers, raw materials, loans, and donations from colonial possessions
===>>> critical in win (versus Germany)

3. Outcomes…
The war opened door for western educated Africans and Indians when…authority and power they gained during war could not be withdrawn => Egypt, India, Vietnam and other colonial societies begin to decolonize (p. 671)

4. The Coming of the Great War
Major issues/conflicts prior to WWI
“Empire Building” => nationalism ^
France wanted provinces of Alsace and Lorraine that it lost in 1870 (p. 660)
Wilhelm II (German Kaiser) aggressive governance => threatned europe
Britain losing naval edge to Germany and becoming economically inferior
Economic hardship caused labor unrest in Europe

5. Imperialism and the complicated Alliance System pushed powers into ARMS RACE (p. 662)

6. The War Begins
In what could have been a regional conflict…the Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife…becomes a global conflict…World War I had been started on June 28, 1914

7. The World at War Germany had hoped for a quick victory over France
Belgium resistance and British help halts Germany => the trench war begins => stalemate well into 1918
Millions died and millions were wounded

8. War in Eastern Europe and Italy (p. 665)
Eastern Front…Russia badly beaten (by Germany) and poorly trained => contributed to Russia’s revolution of 1917
Austrian-Hungary Front…Russia is able to keep A-H in check…but could not protect Serbia
Austria-Hungary at Italian Front…Italy had changed alliances (now on Triple Entente side) in hopes of gaining territory…but front nearly collapses if not for British and French help => Italian failure plunges it into social and political turmoil

9. Home Fronts in Europe and U.S.
Disconnected leaders
“insensitive civilians
Some industries were state run
Propaganda intensifies
Labor protests ^ => in Russia it contributed to revolution
Participation of women in workforce ^ => sparks broader liberation

10. The war spreads…
All major powers (except Austria-Hungary) had colonies outside of Europe
As the war dragged on more colonies were drawn into the conflict…
…what would this accomplish?

11. Imperial Powers could use people and resources
By 1915 fighting spread into the Middle East, Africa, on the seas, China and the Pacific
By 1917 the United States enters the war

12. Britain’s Impact
Britain’s participation in the war made it a truly global war…
Cut off Germany from Africa, China and the Pacific
Effective blockade (p.666)
Controlled cable links
Controlled seas by 1916
British Dominions-Canada, Australia, New Zealand were vital in the Middle East particularly defense of Suez Canal
Nonsettler colonies (from Africa, India and southeast Asia also provide help

13. Germany in the meantime…
Support from German East Africa and Ottoman Empire (see map on p. 661)
Turks (Ottoman Empire) remained a threat in Suez Canal Zone
Armenian genocide (pogrom-an organized massacre of helpless people; specifically :  such a massacre of Jews)-p. 668

14. Things get worse…
The United States shifts gears => they go from war observer to participant due to Germany’s “clumsiness” (p. 668)
US declares war on Germany-spring 1917
US help decisively shifts in favor of Triple Entente => Germany decides to launch massive strike before US full power is felt

15. Armistice November 11, 1918
Brutality and destruction was a theme for nearly the entire war…victory seemed to shift back and forth many times…even as late as April 1918 the Central Powers held the edge
However fatigue, new weapons, brake down of Austrian Fronts and US entry (more soldiers) shifted the edge for the last time to the Triple Entente

16. Fearing collapse of armies and rebellion at home (Germans were stunned by the loss) Germany surrenders
Germans blame socialist and Jewish politicians for loss => birth of Nazi facist Germany (Adolf Hitler)

17. What is accomplished? What is the legacy? Why did we fight?
How do we move forward?
What would you do differently?

18. “Negotiating Peace”
France wants Germany to pay for virtually everything
Self determination goes out the window
Peace treaty in Paris = diktat (Germans have no input)
German territory shrunk
Colonies and nations ignored or abandoned politically (p. 671)
=> “Flawed” peace process fostered deep turmoil and resentment by Germany, other Central Powers and European colonies

19. The Nationalist Assault on European Colonial Order (Start of breakdown of European colonies)
The war itself inadvertently (per ) shows ___________ _________ the it’s good to be in charge.

20. The Nationalist Assault on European Colonial Order (Start of breakdown of European colonies)
The war itself inadvertently (per Europe) shows colonial officials the it’s good to be in charge.

21. India Western-educated elites lead the way Use of nonviolent tactics
Strong foundation from Indian National Congress formed in _____
British vs _______ => Favoritism => poverty was widespread => Indians wanted to movilize…

22. India Western-educated elites lead the way Use of nonviolent tactics
Strong foundation from Indian National Congress formed in 1885
British vs Indians => Favoritism => poverty was widespread => Indians wanted to movilize…

23. …Movement hindered due to clash of Hindu and Muslim ideas
______ took lead => prison
The threat of _____________ => Morley-Minto reforms of 1909

24. …Movement hindered due to clash of Hindu and Muslim ideas
Tilak took lead => prison
The threat of Communism => Morley-Minto reforms of 1909

25. Gandhi (p. 675)
As struggle continues in India politicians were able to push for more reforms =>
Montagu-Chelmsford of 1919
versus
Rowlatt Act of 1919

26. Localized protest help Gandhi mobilize people
Combined knowledge of British and Indians => many followers
Nonviolent protest tactics (satyagraha)

27. Egypt Nationalism had been around before the British occupation
1882 failed uprising
Masses unhappy about conditions
Nationalist parties form in 1890s without a mass base => harsh British relaliation => provokes for anger and resentment

28. Can you predict what happens next?

29. Who’s shocked?
…Hostility towards British culminates in Dinshawi Incident of 1906 => British impose harsher containment methods => national sentiment ^
By 1913 India has a constitution and an indirectly elected parliament (p. 677)

30. Six years later After the war unrest continues
Mass demonstration erupt after being refused to speak at Versailles
The Wafd Party (Sa’d Zaghul became the glue that held Egypt togeter (p. 681)

31. Africa (p. 681)
During war most Western-educated Africans were loyal to foreign occupiers
Africans enjoyed the power they gained during war
And expected reforms to continue after the war => Britain does not keep promises

32. Garvey, Du Bois
Pan-African organizations => anticolonial sentiment
Negritude literary movement => attempts to combat racial stereotyping