1. 2nd Semester Participation Policy
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
31 JAN 2011
2nd Semester Participation Policy
Participation is 15% of quarter grade
Lose points for
Coming to class late
Talking without raising your hand
Not attempting your drills
Getting out of your seat without raising your hand
Gain points by positively participating in class

2. UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-2 UNIT 3 Topics Covered
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
UNIT 3
Topics Covered
Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels
Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power
Trigonometry and Vectors
Energy and Power
Impacts of Current Generation and Use

3. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuels and Energy
Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.
FUEL ENERGY
Fuels are a source of energy.
Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential.

4. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuel Types
Non-renewable
Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)
Nuclear – Uranium ore
Renewable
Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

5. Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
REVIEW
Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.
Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.
Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.
Volatile: natural gas and petroleum
Nonvolatile: coal

6. Chemistry 3-1 Carbon has four valence electrons C
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
Chemistry
Carbon has four valence electrons C
The four bonds allow Carbon atoms to form long chains. Most of the remaining bonds are Hydrogen

7. Photosynthesis 3-1 Most organic molecules are made by plant life.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
Photosynthesis
Most organic molecules are made by plant life.
CO2 + Water + Sunlight -> Hydrocarbons + O2
Inputs
Carbon Dioxide from the air
Water vapor
Energy from the sun
Outputs
Organic molecules
Oxygen

8. Human Fuel 3-1 Animals eat plant or animal life
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
Human Fuel
Animals eat plant or animal life
Convert organic material into energy by reversing the photosynthesis reaction
Energy is used to power our muscles and keep our body temperature high
Excess plant material is stored as body fat or muscle

9. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago.
Plant remains preserved in water and mud.
Heat and Pressure

10. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum
Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
million years – remains buried deeper.
Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

11. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Often referred to as “gas”
Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
C8H18 – Octane
CH4 – Methane
C3H8 – Propane

12. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine
Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.

13. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Top World Producers
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%)
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).

14. Drill- Answer these in your notes
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
February 1, 2011
Drill- Answer these in your notes
What is the source of petroleum products?
What is the chemical formula for methane, propane and octane?

15. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum
Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
million years – remains buried deeper.
Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

16. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Often referred to as “gas”
Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
C8H18 – Octane
CH4 – Methane
C3H8 – Propane

17. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Storage and Transport
NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.
NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems
Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds
Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

18. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Processing

19. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Uses - HOME
NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.
~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances.
NG is raw material for:
Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives
Propane – barbecue grills

20. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Uses – INDUSTRY
Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.
U.S.

21. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves

22. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves

23. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Consumption
Barrels per person per day

24. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Refining
Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful
Varies in color – from clear to tar-black
Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid
Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts
Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

25. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Refining
Different components of crude have different boiling points.
When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot
Process:
Crude is boiled
Highest boiling points
condense first
Lower boiling points
condense last

26. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Refining

27. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Refining

28. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Uses
Primarily used to achieve mobility
Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity
Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

29. IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Quiz on Thursday
Review notes for Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum.
Know the source for each type, and how we obtain the material.