1. PROGRAMMED LEARNING
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2. Programmed learning is one of the important innovations of the 20th century in the teaching –learning process.
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3. Self Instructional Technique Individualized Instruction
Logically Sequenced (Small Segments)
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4. Related Educators Thorndike -Trial and Error
Gagne-Chain -Signal Learning
Robertmager - Learner Controlled Instruct
Skinner -Operant Conditioning
Sidne L Pressy -Teaching Machines
Norman A Crowder -Mathetics
T.F.Gilbert -Intrinsic
Lawrence Stolurow - C A I (Computer
Edgerdale - Cone Of Experience
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5. Definitions
It is a Systematic Step By Step Self Instructional Programmes.
It is a device which presents an exercise or a problem to a student , inducing him to respond , and revealing to him whether or not his response is correct.
It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on the behaviour of each and every acceptable student.
Educational programming is the scheduling and control of student behaviour in the learning process.
It is a planned sequence of experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship.
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6. Characteristics Individualized instruction
Logically sequenced ,small steps called ‘frames’.
Pay due consideration to the initial or entering behaviour of the learner.
Provision for feed –back.
Interaction between the learner and the learning material is important.
Self –pacing to the learner .
Continuous evaluation.
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7. principles Small steps. Active participation and responding
Reinforcement
Self –pacing
Self evaluation
Immediate feed –back
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8. Programmed instructional materials
Teaching machines
Programmed text books
Scrambled book
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9. Types of programming Linear or extrinsic Branching or intrinsic
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10. B.F Skinner LINEAR Straight line-single track
Every learner follow the same path 1 2 3 4
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11. Branching Norman A Crowder Bigger frames Content frame Remedial frame
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12. Content frame Repeating student response, Positive confirmation
New information
Question
Alternative answers-directions to go to relevant page
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13. Remedial frame Repeating the student response Negative confirmation
Reason as to why he is wrong
Further explanations
Directions as to where the learner should go next.
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14. Forward branching Whether it is right or wrong learner ---- new page 12
Remedial +
Parallel Qn
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15. Backward branching
Repeating the missed frames
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16. Linear cum Branching , Mathetics
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17. Structure of a programme
Pre test
Entering behaviour
Programme (broken down into elements)
Post test
Terminal behaviour
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18. Written or performance
Comparison
small
larger
bigger
constructed
Multiple choice
Written or performance
Linear book
Scrambled
Instra -package
Low cost
expensive
High cost
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19. Primes & Prompts
For helping the learner make the correct response and eliminate error, he is assisted in the form of primes and prompts in the introductory frame.
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20. Priming is introduced in a frame through a process of copying the response given in the stimulus
All elements are made up of small particles of matter called atoms
The smallest particle of copper is called----(Example)
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21. The prompt can be classified into two categories
Prompt is a hint or cue , is provided to help the learner to choose the correct response
The prompt can be classified into two categories
Formal (provides an indication of form of response)
Thematic (depends on the general properties of the prompting stimulus).
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22. Characteristics Linear Programming Branched Programming
Characteristics Linear Programming Branched Programming
of the programme
Step size Small Large
Response type Constructed Multiple choice
Reinforcement Correctness of response ultimate correctne
Subject matter
Paper Programme
Cost
Control of response
Level of learner
Mode of response
10.Procedure
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23. Thanks
October 20, 2008