1. Maulana Rumi, in 13th-century Persian Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, and Sufi

2. Introduction to Communicable Diseases
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture the students will be able to;
Describe infectious diseases epidemiology
Describe the approaches used for infection prevention and control practices

3. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi etc.
Common , Some of them cause death and disability. Some of them cause epidemics.

5. Classification of infectious Diseases
Vector borne diseases (malaria, dengue)
Diseases caused by Fecal (cholera, enteric fevers, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis)
Helminthic diseases (Ascariasis, hookworm)
Airborne diseases (anthrax, brucellosis)
Zoonotic diseases (rabies)
Contact diseases (fungal infections, flu)
Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV/AIDs)
HIV/AIDS bacillary dysentery, amoebiasis, acute respiratory infections, meningitis, TB 7., rabies

6. Zoonotic diseases defined by WHO
Diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans.
A zoonotic agent may be a bacterium, virus, fungus or other disease causing agents.

8. Risk factors Anyone can catch infection, most vulnerable are,
Patients with chronic diseases e.g. cancer, immunocompromised, HIV /AIDS, tuberculosis
Patients with implanted medical devices
Malnutrition
Extremes of ages
Pregnant ladies

9. Complications
Most infectious diseases have only minor complications, but some infections like pneumonia, AIDS, meningitis can become life-threatening.
Few infections have been linked to increased risk of cancer. E.g. human papilloma virus linked to cervical cancer, helicobacter pylori is linked to stomach cancer, Epstein-Barr virus is linked to lymphoma.

10. Tests and diagnosis Blood tests. Urine tests. Throat swabs.
Stool samples. 
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). 
Imaging scans
Biopsies

11. Treatments and drugs
Many infectious diseases, such as common cold, will resolve on their own. Drink plenty of fluids and get lots of rest.
Drugs used to treat infectious diseases are;
Antibiotics
Antiviral
Antifungal
Anti-parasitics

12. Different terminologies used in infectious diseases
Infection
Contamination
Pollution
Infestation
Fomite
Prions
Infectious and Contagious disease
Host
Susceptible person
Immune Person
Contact person
Sporadic disease
Out break
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
Holo – endemic
Emerging
Re – emerging
Iatrogenic disease
Opportunistic infections

13. Infection Prevention and Control

14. Learning outcomes:
By the end of the lecture the students shall be able to:
Describe the concepts of infection prevention and control
Describe the approaches used for infection prevention and control practices

15. Infection prevention refers to the process that ensures that a sterile environment remains free of micro-organisms
Infection control refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections and to reduce infectious diseases (WHO)

16. Standard Precaution of Infection Prevention And Control
Awareness
Hand hygiene
Safe handling of sharps and needles
Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
Disinfection
Sterilization
Early diagnosis
Notification
Isolation
Quarantine
Immunization

17. 1. Awareness:
Public awareness of infectious diseases plays an important role in disease control; a lack of reasonable knowledge of infectious diseases leads to low detection rates, the interruption of treatment, discrimination and stigma. 

19. 2. Hand Hygiene
Hand hygiene refers to both washing with plain or anti-bacterial soap and water and to the use of alcohol gel to decontaminate hands.

20. 3. Safe handling of sharps and needles
Safe handling of needles and other sharp devices are components of standard precautions that are implemented to prevent health care worker exposure to blood borne pathogens.

21. 4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Used to protect from the risks of cross-infection.
PPE includes items such as gloves, aprons, masks, goggles visors, hats and footwear.

22. 5. Disinfection
The process of disinfection is to destroy all micro- organisms except some bacterial spores.
Disinfection may be thermal or chemical
Thermal disinfection:  
Moist heat at a specific temperature for a set amount of time.
Reliable, leaves no residues, more easily controlled and is non-toxic.

23.  Chemical disinfection Application of a liquid chemical agent to eliminate the majority of pathogenic microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores.
Used for heat- labile equipment. E.g. endoscopes (laparoscopes) and bronchoscopes.

24. Thermal and Chemical disinfection

25. 6. Sterilization:
A process that removes/kills all forms of biological agents like, fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, plasmodium etc.
Sterilization can be achieved by heat, chemicals irradiation, high pressure, and filtration.
Autoclave

26. 7. Early Diagnosis:
The first step in control of an infection is its early diagnosis for,
Early treatment
Epidemiological investigations for source
For prevention and control measures.

27. 8. Notification:
Notification of infectious disease is required by law to be reported to the local health authorities.
This information allows the authorities to,
Monitor the disease
Provides early warning of possible outbreaks
The diseases to be notified vary from country to country.

28. 9. Isolation:
Oldest method, defined as separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons from others in such places or conditions to limit the transmission of infection.
Hospital isolation is better than home isolation.

30. 10. Quarantine:
The limitation of movement of such well persons or domestic animals exposed to communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest incubation period of disease in such manner as to prevent effective contact with those not so exposed.
These measures are also applied by health authorities to ships, aero planes, trains or containers to prevent spread of infection.

32. 11. Immunization:
Immunization reduces preventable infectious diseases.

33. Thank you