1. BUILDING AND DESTROYING REEFS

2. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Fagerstrom (1991) identified five basic "guilds" into which reef organisms can be placed:
* constructors,
* binders,
* bafflers,
* destroyers and
* dwellers.

3. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals

4. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals

5. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals

6. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals

7. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals

8. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
1. Constructors - Scleratinian corals
Growth Rates
-darker bands = warmer
growing times

9. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Physical
b. Biological

10. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Physical
Shipwrecks

11. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
Shipwrecks
a. Physical

12. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Storms
2.. Destroyers
a. Physical
Hurricane Georges

13. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Storms
2.. Destroyers
a. Physical
Hurricane Georges
After
Before

14. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Borers

15. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Borers
Cliona

16. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Borers
Lithophagid bivalves

17. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Borers
Endolithic algae

18. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
a. Borers
Worms

19. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
b. Raspers
Echinoderms

20. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
b. Raspers
Molluscs - e.g. Drupella

21. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
2.. Destroyers
c. Biters
Butterfly fish - Chaetodon
Parrotfish - Scarus

22. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs

23. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Coral sand
Coral rubble

24. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Summary

25. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
3. Baffler (=Infiller) Guild
- current baffling and sediment deposition
Organisms that live in reef cavities
Zoanthids
Octocorals
Briareum
Sponges

26. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
4. Cementer (= Binder) Guild
- consolidate sediments into rock
-Submarine lithification
Coralline algae
Foraminifera
Bryozoa
Coralline algae

27. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
4. Cementer (= Binder) Guild
- consolidate sediments into rock
-Submarine lithification
Serpulid worms
Vermetid gastropods

28. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
4. Cementer (= Binder) Guild
- consolidate sediments into rock
-Submarine lithification
Rhodoliths

29. Binder (= Cementer) Guild (Fagerstrom, 87)
Step 1 - collection of rubble in areas of low hydrodynamic energy

30. Binder (= Cementer) Guild (Fagerstrom, 87)
Step 2 - initial stablization by coralline algae

31. Binder (= Cementer) Guild (Fagerstrom, 87)
Step 3 - intergrowing of sea grasses and bacterial mats

32. Binder (= Cementer) Guild (Fagerstrom, 87)
Step 4 - binding by sponges

33. Binder (= Cementer) Guild (Fagerstrom, 87)
Diagenetic cementation

34. Building and Destroying Coral Reefs
Hermatypic corals - add CaCO3
to framework (Constructors)
Indwellers (Bafflers) - trap & consolidate loose sediment
Sediments consolidated and cemented (Binders)
Base for further reef growth
Physical destruction
Borers weaken coral (Destroyers)
Physical factors kill coral
Dead coral, rubble, finer sediment
Sand channels in buttress zone
Lithification
Deep layers