1. Early Cold War Foreign Policy

2. Early Origins of the Cold War
Before WW II
Political differences
US refused recognition until 1933
US angry at Non-Aggression Pact
During WW II
Uneasy alliance
2nd. Front: disagreement

3. Breakup of Germany
Germany was controlled by England, France, Soviet and US
West Germany = US, Fr ,Eng
East Germany = under the Soviets
Berlin (inside EG) = split between the 4

5. Tension Over Germany
4 Zones of Occupation
Soviet goals
US & Br. goals

6. Tension Over Eastern Europe
Yalta promise is not kept
“Elections”:
’46-’48 Communist leaders in East Europe
Soviet’s security needs:
US & Br. frustration

9. Development of the Containment Policy (remember lessons of “appeasement”)
Created by: Sec. of State Geo. Marshall, Undersecretary Dean Achson, Soviet expert/ diplomat Geo. Kennan
Kennan’s article: US must be vigilant, have a firm, patient commitment, act as a counter-weight to Soviet expansion

10. New Foreign Policy Containment
US must be willing to be involved in international peacekeeping
US must prevent the spread of communism
George Kennan

11. Containment in Greece & Turkey (Truman Doctrine) 1947
$400 million military & economic aid
Truman Doctrine assistance “to people resisting subjugation by armed minorities & outside forces”

14. More Help Marshall Plan To rebuild Europe
Fight hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos
$13 billion in aid is given to Europe
Improve economies so communism does not spread

16. Spying and Preparation
1947: National Security Act:
Dep’t of Defense
National Security Council
CIA

17. Germany is the Center of Conflict

18. Germany After the War

19. Berlin after the War

20. Berlin Blockade

22. Berlin Airlift Soviets blockade all entrances intoWest Berlin
Want to force US and Allies out of West Berlin
US, Britain, France airlift supplies in
Clothing, coal, medicine, and more
June 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949
Soviets end blockade

25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
Signed in 1949
Collective security
Act together in common defense
An attack on 1 is an attack on all
Soviets counter with Warsaw Pact

27. China falls to Communist China is no longer the “anchor”
dictator Mao Zedong.
China
1949
China is no longer the “anchor”
of democracy in Asia.
Mao Zedong

28. Events which frighten the US
1949 – Soviets successful explode an atomic bomb
1949 – China falls to Communism
Will cost Truman…who allowed China to go communists…THE DEMOCRATS!

29. Defining American Policy
1950: Review US foreign policy….NSC-68:
US cannot rely on other nations
Stop communism where ever it occurs
Increased military presence (and spending)

30. Korean War

31. CHINA U.S.S.R. China Enters the War!! Nov. 1950 Inchon Landing
Farthest UN Advance
Nov. 1950
July 1953
Truce Line is
Established
North
Korea
June
1950
Inchon
Landing
Sept.15,
1950

32. Korean War
Divided at 38th parallel: North: Communist, South: nationalist
June 25, 1950: No. Korea invades So.
Truman called special session in UN
Soviet boycott (over China) leads Security Council to authorize force
US troops make up most of the force led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur

33. “There is no substitute for victory.”
-General Douglas MacArthur

39. Demarcation Line Railway stops one mile south of the DMZ
Known as the 38th Parallel.
A 2 ½-mile-wide,
151-mile-long zone guarded
by nearly two million troops
on both sides.

40. Korean War (cont.)
Congress supports but no “declared” war (“police action”)
Fighting finally stabilized at 38th p.
MacArthur: “invade China, bomb them-do whatever is necessary”
Truman’s warning to Mac:
Truman recalls MacArthur for insubordination
Armistice; containment

41. Eisenhower’s Cold War Foreign Policy

42. Eisenhower and the Cold War
Sec. of State John F. Dulles
Containment: ineffective
“Rollback” Soviet presence in E. Europe
“Liberate captive people”
“Massive retaliation”
“Brinkmanship”

43. Eisenhower Foreign Policy
Massive Retaliation
Focus military spending on nukes and air power
Instill fear by promising massive reaction
Brinkmanship – go to the brink of war to preserve peace
“In any fight…it’s the man who is willing to die that will win”

44. Foreign Policy MAD ICBM First-Strike capability
Mutual Assured Destruction
US/Soviets should not use nukes, because they will simply destroy one another
Starts under Eisenhower
ICBM
Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
First-Strike capability
Must be able to strike quickly, and before your enemy

45. Nuclear Arms Race

46. Cold War in Asia French Indochina wins freedom
Vietnam is split at 17th parallel
‘55-’61 U.S. gives $1bil. in aid to S.V.
Domino Theory – if S.V. falls the rest of Asia may too
SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
US, GB, Fr, NZ, Phil., Thail, Pak all agree to defend region

47. Cold War at Home
America’s 2nd Red Scare

48. COLD WAR AT HOME
Fear of Communism led some Americans to take actions that violated the civil rights of others. Led to 2nd RED SCARE.
HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee) – investigated potential communists
Loyalty oaths – Truman made all govt employees take them.
200 Dismissed, 2000 resign

50. The Hollywood 10
YouTube - Hollywood 'Red' Probe Begins, 1947/10/20 (1947)
Refuse to testify before HUAC and are blacklisted

51. Frederic March (Actor)
Who’s next? Is it you, who will have to look around nervously before you can say what’s on your mind? This reaches into every American city and town.
Index of
Blacklisted
Actors
Frederic March (Actor)
March, 1947
I’M NO COMMUNIST

52. 2nd Red Scare (cont.) 1948Alger Hiss case: Whittaker Chambers
HUAC
Pumpkin papers
Whitaker Chambers former Communist Party member accuses Alger Hiss a high ranking official of being a Soviet Agent-Hiss is convicted of perjury for denying that he gave classified documents to Chambers to relay to the Soviet Union

53. Alger Hiss

54. Senator
Richard
Nixon
Communist Hunter

55. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
June 1953-executed for conspiring to pass atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union

58. McCarthyism Sen. from Wisconsin YouTube - Joseph McCarthy on Democrats
1950 – claimed he had a list of 205 communist, most in State Department
Many accusations…no evidence
Ruins people’s careers
2nd Red Scare

60. McCarthy v. US Army McCarthy accuses some in army of being communists
Televised investigations
Americans see McCarthy as a bully
Loses support
YouTube - Army-McCarthy Hearings

63. Cold War and the Effects on Public

67. YouTube - Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter
Duck and Cover