1. Developing a Vast Wilderness
Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation.
Canadian fur trapper.
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2. Developing a Vast Wilderness
Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
SECTION 1
History and Government of Canada
SECTION 2
Economy and Culture of Canada
SECTION 3
Subregions of Canada
Unit Atlas: Physical
Unit Atlas: Political
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3. History and Government of Canada
Section 1
History and Government of Canada
• French and British settlement greatly influenced Canada’s political development.
• Canada’s size and climate affected economic growth and population distribution.
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4. History and Government of Canada
SECTION
History and Government of Canada 1
The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Early Peoples
• After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia
- ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos); North
American Indians to south
• Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon
Continued . . .
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5. Colonization by France and Britain
SECTION 1
continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
• French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France”
• British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast
• Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries
• Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763); French settlers stay
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6. Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada
SECTION 1
Steps Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces
- Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking,
Protestant
- Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking,
Roman Catholic
• Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading company
• Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto
- railways, canals are built as explorers seek
better fur-trading areas
Continued . . .
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7. Establishing the Dominion of Canada
SECTION 1
continued Steps Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act
- creates Dominion of Canada as a loose
confederation (political union)
- Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
- self-governed part of British Empire
• Expansion includes:
- Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia,
Prince Edward Island
- later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan
- Newfoundland in 1949
Map
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8. Continental Expansion and Development
SECTION 1
Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver
• European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters
- copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns,
railroads
Image
Urban and Industrial Growth
• Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing
- within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate,
land, transportation
• Canada becomes major economic power in 20th century
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9. Governing Canada The Parliamentary System
SECTION 1
Governing Canada
The Parliamentary System
• In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic head
• Parliamentary government:
- parliament—legislature combining legislative
and executive functions
- consists of an appointed Senate, elected
House of Commons
- prime minister, head of government, is
majority party leader
• All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister)
- federal government administers the territories
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10. Economy and Culture of Canada
Section 2
Economy and Culture of Canada
• Canada is highly industrialized and urbanized, with one of the world’s most developed economies.
• Canadians are a diverse people.
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11. Economy and Culture of Canada
SECTION
Economy and Culture of Canada 2
An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Early Fur Trade
• Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations:
- begin trade with European fishermen along
Atlantic coast
• French and English trappers and traders expand westward
• Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts
Continued . . .
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12. Canada’s Primary Industries
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
Canada’s Primary Industries
• Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product
- Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest
products
• Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver are exported
• Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported
Map
Chart
Continued . . .
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13. The Manufacturing Sector
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Manufacturing Sector
• 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP
- make cars, steel, appliances, equipment
(high-tech, mining)
- centered in heartland, from Quebec City,
Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario
Continued . . .
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14. Service Industries Drive the Economy
SECTION 2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
Service Industries Drive the Economy
• Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP
- finance, utilities, trade, transportation,
communication, insurance
- land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest
growing service
• Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open border (world’s longest)
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico
- 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S.
- 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.
Image
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15. A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions
SECTION 2
A Land of Many Cultures
Languages and Religions
• Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture
• Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec
• English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash
- increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other
groups
Continued . . .
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16. SECTION 2
continued A Land of Many Cultures
Canada’s Population
• Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver) and farmlands
• Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border)
• Urbanization: in % of people lived in cities, today it’s 80%
• Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas
- 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec
- many native peoples live on reserves—public
land set aside for them
- most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
- many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on
West Coast
Image
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17. Life in Canada Today Employment and Education
SECTION 2
Life in Canada Today
Employment and Education
• Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population
• Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
- 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing
• Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French
• English universities founded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick in 1780s
• Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate
Continued . . .
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18. SECTION 2
continued Life in Canada Today
Sports and Recreation
• Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
- Canada has own football league; other pro
teams play in U.S. leagues
- native peoples developed lacrosse, European
settlers developed hockey
• Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede
Image
Continued . . .
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19. SECTION 2
continued Life in Canada Today
The Arts
• Earliest literature from oral traditions of First Nations peoples
• Later writings from settlers, missionaries, explorers
• Early visual arts seen in Inuit carving, West Coast totem poles
• Early 1900s painting: unique style of Toronto’s Group of Seven
• Shakespeare honored at Ontario’s world-famous Stratford Festival
Image
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20. Subregions of Canada Section 3
• Canada is divided into four subregions: the Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the Pacific Province and the Territories.
• Each subregion possesses unique natural resources, landforms, economic activities, and cultural life.
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21. Subregions of Canada The Atlantic Provinces
SECTION
Subregions of Canada 3
The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
- Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Newfoundland
• Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged terrain, harsh weather
• Most people live in coastal cities such as:
- Halifax, Nova Scotia
- St. John, New Brunswick
• 85% of Nova Scotia is rocky hills, poor soil
• 90% of New Brunswick is forested
• Newfoundland has severe storms
Continued . . .
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22. SECTION 3
continued The Atlantic Provinces
Economic Activities
• New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper)
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood for export
• Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade through Halifax
• Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power
- supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern
U.S.
Image
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23. The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
SECTION 3
The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608
• 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec
- Ontario has largest population; Quebec has
largest land area
Continued . . .
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24. Canada’s Political and Economic Center
SECTION 3
continued The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
Canada’s Political and Economic Center
• Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital
• Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life
• Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing
• Toronto the largest city, finance hub; Montreal second largest city
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25. The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket
SECTION 3
The Prairie Provinces
Canada’s Breadbasket
• Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output
- Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90%
of Canada’s natural gas
Continued . . .
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26. SECTION 3
continued The Prairie Provinces
A Cultural Mix
• Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles
• Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian immigrants, métis
• Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese
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27. The Pacific Province and the Territories
SECTION 3
The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
• British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains
- 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields,
glaciers
• Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver
• Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power
- Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has
prosperous shipping trade
Continued . . .
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28. SECTION 3
continued The Pacific Province and the Territories
The Territories
• The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land
• Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate
- Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly
wilderness
- Northwest Territories has population of 41,000;
extends into Arctic
- Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories
in 1999; home to Inuit
• Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some logging
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