1. 1. Basic data of the study Framework:
Review of comparative LCAs on the recycling and disposal of paper and cardboard
1. Basic data of the study
Framework:
Input to the discussions of the Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, in the European Commission
Background hypothesis:
Apparently, existing LCAs that compare recycling/ incineration/landfilling of paper arrive at results and conclusions that are different and sometimes even conflicting
Objective:
Review of existing comparative LCAs on paper recycling/disposal
Procedure:
9 LCA studies containing in total 73 scenarios have been selected. The selection was based on their quality:
LCA method ~ does it follow ISO or similar standards?
Are the calculations and assumptions well documented and transparent?
An in-depth analysis of the studies has been carried out, including variables such as system boundaries, perspective (society/company), time frame, and type of paper/cardboard

2. Review of comparative LCAs on the recycling and disposal of paper and cardboard
2. Results
short term / long term perspective

3. Review of comparative LCAs on the recycling and disposal of paper and cardboard
3. Lessons learned
In most LCA studies and scenarios analysed, produced in a variety of geographical areas, the environmental impacts of paper recycling are lower than incineration and also lower than landfilling.
There are important nuances in the results, depending on the environmental impact indicator considered. Some indicators are robust, whereas some are sensitive to system definition assumptions.
15 system definition assumptions have been identified. The assumptions cover the whole paper life-cycle: from raw material extraction and forestry, through paper production processes, to the disposal/recovery options. A comparative LCA ought to include these 15 assumptions in order to make the systems comparable.
The report will be made available for download at:
In 2004, a similar study is being elaborated at the ETC/WMF, focusing on a review of comparative CBAs on paper