1. Enlightenment

2. What was the Enlightenment
Enlightenment- was an intellectual movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific methods to laws that shaped human actions. They hoped to build a society founded on the ideas of the Scientific Revolution.

3. Enlightenment Applied REASON to the study of the natural world
Used reason to solve problems
Human behavior governed by natural laws
Largest intellectual movement since the Renaissance
Apply reason to human life:
Politics
Religion
Arts

4. Impact of the Enlightenment
1.  Stimulated Religious Tolerance
2.  Fueled Democratic Revolutions around the world
3. Rise of Individualism- thinking for yourself
4. Rise of a more secular or worldly outlook

5. Major Players

7. Thomas Hobbes
Wrote Leviathan
English philosopher who argues that all humans are naturally wicked. Believed that an absolute monarchy- one that gives all power to a king or queen- is the best form of government. Thought governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness.

9. John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises on Government
English philosopher who believed that people have the ability to reason and make good decisions if given proper information. Thought governments should be formed only with the approval of the people governing. Argued that governments should be established to protect individual freedoms and liberties. The people, not god, should choose officials

10. Opposing Views Hobbes Locke Absolute monarchy  People need government
People are selfish and greedy
Freedoms for peace, safety and order
SOCIAL CONTRACT
Government protect natural rights
Monarchs NOT chosen by God
Government by consent
Power limited by laws
Foundation for MODERN DEMOCRACY

11. Montesquieu-
Wrote- The Spirit of Laws
- French political thinker who believed that a monarchy with limited power makes a country stable and secure. Established the idea of “separation of powers”. This meant government should be divided or spread out among different branches of government so that no individual or group could gain too much power and threaten liberty.

12. “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains”

13. Rousseau-
Wrote- The Social Contract-
Swiss philosopher who believed that society had corrupted the natural goodness in people. Argued that only through direct democracy where people vote in person to make all laws- can people’s freedoms be protected. Government should be a contract between rulers and the people

15. Voltaire
A writer who fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs and freedom of speech. He also supported the notion of separation of church and state

16. How it Spread
1.Salons- wealthy women gathered to discuss Enlightenment ideas.
Encyclopedia (Diderot)- published many Enlightenment ideas
Pamphlets and newspapers helped circulate ideas

17. Effects on Politics/Society
Increase in public discussion of politics and society
SALONS – gatherings of writers, artists, and educated people to discuss the philosophies of the day in the homes of wealthy people
Organized and ran by upper class women
Spread ideas of the Enlightenment
Paris = intellectual center of the Enlightenment

18. Enlightenment and Monarchs
The church and French government were angered by Enlightenment ideas and tried to censor their work
2 Enlightenment thinkers tried to change the way governments were run and tried to convince rulers to rule justly. This started revolutions in the Americas and France

19. Major Ideas of the Enlightenment
Thinker
Impact
Natural rights- life, liberty, property
Locke
Fundamental to U.S Declaration of Independence

20. Do Not Write
We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, Governments are institute among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed

21. Separation of
powers
Montesquieu
France, U.S., Latin American nations use separation of power in new constitutions

22. Freedom of thought and expression
Voltaire
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship

23. Abolish.
of torture
Beccaria
Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas

24. Do Not Write
Bill of Rights protects rights of accused and prohibits cruel and unusual punishments

25. Religious freedom Voltaire
Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; European Monarchs reduce persecution

26. Rousseau- Direct Democracy Public election of president and congress
Do Not Write
Rousseau- Direct Democracy
Public election of president and congress

27. Impact of the Enlightenment
Changed ideas on:
Nationalism (people should be able to choose self-rule)
Democracy
American and French Revolutions
Declaration of Independence
US Constitution and Bill of Rights
More secular
Belief in progress
Rise of individualism
Use own ability to reason

28. Effects on the Arts
The Enlightenment also influenced the Arts – music, literature, painting and architecture

29. Literature Europeans began writing novels Miguel de Cervantes
His novel Don Quixote was a political statement on the downfall of the ruling Hapsburg family of Spain

30. Art & Music Baroque-grand, ornate style
Dominated European art during 1600s- 1700s
Elaborate palaces (EX: Versailles)
Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer
Dramatic organ and choral music
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: classical composer
Wrote operas: The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni
Neoclassical-”new classical”
Elegant style from Greece and Rome

31. Art & Music Grouped similar instruments together = modern orchestra
Music appreciated by itself outside of the theater or religious services

32. Painting Reason mixed with fantasy
Art shows that rational thinking can control irrational emotions
Romanticism
Politics brought into art
Eugene Delacroix – Painter “Liberty Leading the People”