1. Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History
Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins
AP World History

2. Timeline of Byzantine Area/Empire

3. Byzantine (def)-
a : of, relating to, or characterized by a devious and usually surreptitious manner of operation (a Byzantine power struggle)
b : intricately involved : labyrinthine (rules of Byzantine complexity)

4. Overview Two major Christian civilizations develop East and West
Each developed close relations with Islamic world
Each play major roles in trade (N/S, not E/W)
Civilizations spread north because of missionaries
Religions are culturally, even organizationally, separate

5. The Byzantine Empire: Introductions
Maintained high levels of political, economic, and cultural activity during much of
Controlled territory in Balkans, northern Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean
Rulers saw themselves as Roman emperors
Government in many ways is continuation of eastern portion of Roman Empire

6. The Byzantine Empire: Introductions
Constantinople = capital, is cosmopolitan, opulent, and most important city in Europe
Practice Orthodox Christianity (will become dominate throughout most of Eastern Europe)
Spreads culture, religion, and politics to parts of the world that had not previously been controlled by any major civ
Balkans, western Russia

7. The Byzantine Empire: Origins of the Empire
Emperor Constantine of Roman Empire
Built Constantinople in 4th c. CE as capital
Thriving city, fend off Mongol invasions
Empire divided into East/West- end of 4th c.
Capitals at Rome, Constantinople
Political style in East: complex administration around emperor, elaborate ceremonies
Justinian makes Greek language official, 6th c.
Greek = read freely classical texts
Latin becomes inferior, barbaric
Involved in Mediterranean commerce

9. Justinian’s Achievements
The Byzantine Empire:
Justinian’s Achievements
Justinian – (wife Theodora)
Military gains and great expansion
Wanted to capture old Roman Empire itself
Belisarius, brilliant general
Gains in North Africa and Italy
Temporary capital at Ravenna, artistic center
Lost Italy: unable to withstand Germanic pressure
Systemizes Roman legal code
Influences future law codes in Europe
Reduces confusion, united and organized the new empire
Building Projects to Rebuild Constantinople
Hagia Sophia – engineering and architectural achievements (dome)
Slavs, Persians attack from East

10. Cyrillic script (Based on Greek Alphabet)

12. Justinian’s Achievements
The Byzantine Empire:
Justinian’s Achievements
Map of byzantine empire under Justinian

13. Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses
The Byzantine Empire:
Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses
Constant external threats
Justinian’s successors’ primary concern is defense against Slavs, Russians, and Arab invaders
Able to hold off Arab Muslims from the east but with massive losses in Mediterranean provinces
Arab naval fleet; battle over Mediterranean
“Greek fire”
Empire’s size/strength reduced
Economic burdens from wars with Muslins
Increase in taxes; increase in wealth for upper class
Weak emperors
Bulgars from Bulgaria
Press onto Byzantine territory, some marriage alliances
Defeated by Basil II, 1014, and Bulgaria becomes part of empire

14. Byzantine Society and Politics
The Byzantine Empire:
Byzantine Society and Politics
Emperors resemble Chinese rulers
Center of elaborate court rituals: divinely inspired, all powerful ruler
Ordained by God
Head of church and state
Women could (and did) serve as emperor despite patriarchal society
Empresses Theodora and Zoë (sisters)
Sophisticated bureaucracy
Open to all classes (but aristocrats dominate) and highly educated
Organize empire militarily, socially, economically
Provincial governors appointed
Economic control
Regulation of food prices, trade, and silk production
Trade network
Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa

15. Byzantine Society and Politics
The Byzantine Empire:
Byzantine Society and Politics
Arts
Creativity in Architecture (domed buildings)
Richly colored religious mosaics
Icon paintings – paintings of saints and other religious figures
Distinct Byzantine style
Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity

16. The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity
The Byzantine Empire:
The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity
Separate paths emerge starting in 11th c.
Disagreements about Christian doctrine and policy
Papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs
Clerical celibacy (W – yes, E – no)
Dispute over the type of bread to be used in religious ceremonies
Byzantine state controlled church in the eastern lands
West translate Greek Bible into Latin
Patriarch Michael attacks Catholic practice in 1054 (bread, celibacy)
Mutual excommunication
Church splits into two traditions
Western (Roman Catholic)
Eastern (Orthodox)

17. Schisms and World Religions
Roman Catholic/Orthodox Christianity
Pope/Patriarch
All World Religions have Schismed
Schisms come over Religious Hierarchy
Path to God needs Guidance
Path to God an individual journey
Dalai Lama/Martin Luther

18. Schism in Christianity
Roman Catholic Christianity
Seat of Peter/Pope in Rome
Church-State/Religious-Secular
Pope versus Emperor
Icons-Orthodox Christianity
Religious Figures/Saints
Roman Catholic/Orthodox Divide
Pope/Patriarch

20. Orthodox Icons

22. Greek Patriarch of Constaninople

23. Pope (Roman Catholic)

24. The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline
Period of decline from 11th century after church schism
Able to survive by careful diplomacy but there are still problems
Seljuk Turks take most of Asian provinces in 1071 at Manzikert
Slavic states emerge which diminish Byzantine power
Appeal to West for help against Turks brings Crusaders but no help
1204, Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople but West is not powerful enough to hold on
1453, Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks, and by 1461 empire gone

25. Where did the Slavs come from? Tremendous Debate on Ethno-genisis

26. Archeological Evidence

27. DNA Haplogroup

28. Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg

29. The Byzantine Empire: The Empire’s Decline
Who contributed to destruction of Byzantine Empire?
Seljuk Turks
independent Slavic states in the Balkans (Bulgaria and Serbia)
Western crusaders and Roman Catholic Church
Italian trading city-states (Venice and Genoa)
Byzantium important because they maintained a strong empire even amid rapid surge of Islam, as well as cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity

30. The Byzantine Empire (1000-1100)
Byzantine Empire went from a major to minor power after the Turkish defeat at Manzikert in 1071

31. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
Influence through Byzantine conquest, Christian missionaries and conversion, new trade routes
Christian missionaries (Cyril and Methodius) helped bring Orthodoxy northward into Russia and the Balkans
Create new alphabet: Cyrillic script
Possibility of literature and literacy developed in eastern Europe

32. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
The East Central Borderlands
The East Central Borderlands
Competition from Catholics and Orthodox Greeks for converts
Those who become Catholic are largely in Hungary, Poland
Regional monarchies prevail
Influx of Jews to Borderlands from W Europe and Middle East due to persecution
Migrate into region in large numbers (Poland = greatest number)
Value education and literacy with Jewish culture
Gain strength in local commerce
Resented by Christian community

33. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
The Emergence of Kievan Rus’
Slavs from Asia moved into region during Roman Empire
Mix with earlier populations
Iron working, agricultural society of family tribes, and villages
Eventually, develop loose kingdoms
Animist religion (sun, thunder, wind, fire)
6th, 7th centuries
Scandinavian merchants
Trade between Byzantines and the North (Scandinavia)
Luxury products from Silk Roads traded for furs from North
855, trading city (Kiev) become site of monarchy under Rurik, first Prince of Kievan Rus’, principality

34. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
The Emergence of Kievan Rus’
Vladimir I ( )
Ponders religious choices
Converts to Orthodoxy, 1000, on behalf of all his people
Organizes mass baptisms, forcing conversions with military pressure
Controls church and creates literate Russian priesthood
Develops own Russian Orthodox Church
Yaroslav ( )
Issues unifying law code
Translates religious literature from Greek to Slavic
Kievan Rus’ forms core of Russian culture and politics
Largest single state in Europe

35. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
The Emergence of Kievan Rus’
East European kingdoms and Slavic expansion, 1000

36. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus’
Russian culture borrowed much from Byzantium
Russian bureaucracy and education were not as developed
Attracted to ceremony and luxury of Byzantium
Generally peaceful and trade-oriented relationship between Byzantium and Kievan Rus’
Orthodox influence
Ornate churches, filled with icons and incense
Monasticism develops, stress prayer and charity
Fervent religious devotion
Art (icons, illuminated manuscripts), literature (using Cyrillic) dominated by religion, royalty
No philosophy or science
Free farmers and aristocratic landowners
Boyars, landlords and Russian nobility, less powerful than in West

37. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
Kievan Decline
Decline from 12th century
Regional princes set up rival governments
Succession struggles within royal family
Asian conquerors and invaders chip away at territory
Fall of Byzantium reduces Russian trade and wealth
Mongols (called Tartars in Russian) invade
13th century, take territory and major cities easily
Mongols are aided by rival princes
Control much of Russia for over two centuries

38. The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe:
The End of an Era in Eastern Europe
Fall of Byzantine empire and Mongol invasions end this period of Russian history
Key features of Kievan social structure disappear
Orthodox Christianity and lively artistic culture remain, however
As result, East and West further separated
East is cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication

39. Eastern Europe and the World
Global Connections:
Eastern Europe and the World
Byzantine Empire
participated actively in interregional trade
Constantinople: great trading city, connection between East and West (signified by silk trade)
Russia
Dependent of Byzantium as main trading contact with rest of world
When Byzantium declines, and Mongols invade, period of isolation for Russia

40. Chapter 9 Homework Questions
What were some achievements of Justinian and the Byzantine Empire?
Describe the split between Western and Eastern Christianity? (Great Schism)
What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
Describe the emergence of Kievan Rus and the Russian Orthodox Church.
In what ways was Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity a key event in European history?