Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition Chapter 11 The Muscular System Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University

Learning Outcomes 11-1 Describe the arrangement of fascicles in the various types of muscles, and explain the resulting functional differences Describe the classes of levers, and explain how they make muscles more efficient Predict the actions of a muscle on the basis of its origin and insertion, and explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movements Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function.

Learning Outcomes 11-5 Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular muscles Identify the principal axial muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation, and compare the major functional differences between the upper and lower limbs Explain the functional relationship between the muscular system and other body systems, and explain the role of exercise in producing various responses in other body systems.

An Introduction to the Muscular System
Consists only of skeletal muscles Muscle organization dramatically affects power, range, and speed of movement 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called fascicles Muscles are classified based on patterns of fascicle arrangement Parallel muscles Convergent muscles Pennate muscles Circular muscles

Figure 11–1a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Parallel muscles Fascicles are parallel to long axis of muscle Some are flat Cylindrical muscles have a central body (belly) Example: biceps brachii Tension developed during a contraction depends on total number of myofibrils Parallel Muscles Parallel muscle (Biceps brachii) (a) Fascicle Body (belly) Cross section a

Figure 11–1b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Parallel Muscles Parallel muscle with tendinous bands (Rectus abdominis) b Parallel Muscles Wrapping muscle (Supinator) c (c)

11-1 Fascicle Arrangement
Convergent muscles Muscle fibers spread out like a fan and converge on an attachment site Example: pectoralis muscles Muscle may pull on Tendon Aponeurosis Raphe (slender band of collagen fibers) Fibers pull in different directions, depending on activity

Figure 11–1d Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Convergent Muscles (d) d Convergent muscle (Pectoralis) Tendon Base of muscle Cross section

11-1 Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate muscles Muscle fibers pull at an angle relative to tendon Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles Do not move their tendons as far Contain more myofibrils Develop more tension

Figure 11–1e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Pennate muscles Unipennate All fascicles on same side of tendon Example: extensor digitorum Pennate Muscles Unipennate muscle (Extensor digitorum) (e) Extended tendon e

Figure 11–1f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Pennate muscles Bipennate Fascicles on both sides of a central tendon Example: rectus femoris Pennate Muscles Bipennate muscle (Rectus femoris) (f) f

Figure 11–1g Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Pennate muscles Multipennate Tendon branches within muscle Example: deltoid Pennate Muscles Multipennate muscle (Deltoid) (g) Tendons Cross section g

Figure 11–1h Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement.
Circular muscles (sphincters) Act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts Surround body openings and hollow organs Contraction makes diameter of opening smaller Example: orbicularis oris of the mouth (h) Circular Muscles Circular muscle (Orbicularis oris) Contracted Relaxed h

11-2 Levers Almost all skeletal muscles attach to bones
Site of connection to a bone affects force, speed, and range of movement Each bone acts as a lever (a rigid, moving structure) Moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when muscles provide applied force to overcome the load Each joint is a fulcrum Levers can change Direction of applied force (AF) Distance and speed produced by AF Effective strength of AF

11-2 Levers Three classes of levers
Based on relative positions of applied force, fulcrum, and load First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever

Figure 11–2a The Three Classes of Levers.
First-class lever Fulcrum lies between applied force and load Like a pry bar or crowbar Example: extension of the neck and lifting the head a First-class lever The fulcrum (F) lies between the applied force (AF) and the load (L). Splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis Example: Pry bar L AF Load F Fulcrum AF L F Applied force L AF F

Figure 11–2b The Three Classes of Levers.
Second-class lever Load lies between applied force and fulcrum Like a wheelbarrow Small force moves a large weight Example: ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles b Second-class lever The load (L) lies between the applied force (AF) and the fulcrum (F). Gastrocnemius AF Example: Wheelbarrow Load AF AF L Fulcrum L F Applied force L F F

Figure 11–2c The Three Classes of Levers.
Third-class lever Applied force is between load and fulcrum Like a pair of tongs Most common lever in the body Maximizes speed and distance traveled at expense of effective force c Third-class lever The force (F) is applied between the load (L) and the fulcrum (F). Applied force Load AF AF AF L Biceps brachii F F L Fulcrum L Example: Tongs F

11-3 Origins and Insertions
Fixed point of attachment of a muscle to bone is the origin Movable point of attachment is the insertion Origin is usually proximal to insertion Actions Movements produced by muscle contraction Example: adduction, elevation, pronation, etc. Described in terms of effect on bone or joint Example: flexion of the forearm, or flexion at the elbow

11-3 Origins and Insertions
Muscle interactions Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles Four terms refer to how muscles work together Agonist (prime mover) Mostly responsible for producing a particular movement Antagonist Opposes movement of a particular agonist Synergist A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist Fixator A synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint

Figure 11–3 Muscle Action (Part 1 of 3).
Muscle opposition Agonists and antagonists work in pairs When one contracts, the other stretches Such as flexors– extensors and abductors– adductors Flexion and Extension At joints that permit flexion and extension, muscles whose lines of action cross the anterior side of a joint are flexors of that joint, and muscles whose lines of action cross the posterior side of a joint are extensors of that joint. ANTERIOR Flexor The biceps brachii crosses on the anterior side of the elbow joint. So it is a flexor of the elbow joint. FLEXION Elbow joint POSTERIOR Extensor The triceps brachii posterior side of the elbow joint. So it is an extensor of the elbow joint. EXTENSION

Figure 11–3 Muscle Action (Part 2 of 3).
Abduction and Adduction At joints that permit adduction and abduction, muscles whose lines of action cross the medial side of a joint are adductors of that joint, and muscles whose lines of action cross the lateral side of a joint are abductors of that joint. LATERAL MEDIAL Abductor The gluteus medius and minimus cross the lateral side of the hip joint. So they are abductors of the hip joint. Hip joint Adductor The adductor magnus crosses on the medial side of the hip joint. So it is an adductor of the hip joint. ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles
The body has approximately 700 skeletal muscles Names of muscles include descriptive information about Region of the body (e.g., temporalis) Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement Structural characteristics Action

Position, direction, or fascicle arrangement Transversus muscles Run across the long axis of the body Oblique muscles Run at a slant to long axis Rectus (straight) muscles Run along the long axis Example: rectus abdominis Structural characteristics Origin and insertion First part of name indicates origin Second part indicates insertion Example: genioglossus

Terms indicating structural characteristics Nature of origin Biceps (two heads) Triceps (three heads) Quadriceps (four heads) Shape Deltoid (triangle) Orbicularis (circle) Pectinate (comblike) Piriformis (pear shaped) Platysma (flat plate) Pyramidal (pyramid) Shape Rhomboid (parallelogram) Serratus (serrated) Splenius (bandage) Teres (round and long) Trapezius (trapezoid)

Terms indicating structural characteristics Other striking features Alba (white) Brevis (short) Gracilis (slender) Latae (wide) Latissimus (widest) Longissimus (longest) Longus (long) Other striking features Magnus (large) Major (larger) Maximus (largest) Minimus (smallest) Minor (smaller) Vastus (great)

11-5 Axial and Appendicular Muscles
Divisions of the muscular system Axial muscles 60 percent of skeletal muscles Position head and vertebral column Move rib cage Form pelvic floor Appendicular muscles Move and support pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs

Figure 11–4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 1 of 6).
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Trapezius Clavicle Deltoid Temporoparietalis (reflected) Sternum Pectoralis major Temporalis Latissimus dorsi Sternocleidomastoid Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Rectus abdominis Triceps brachii External oblique Brachialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Linea alba Extensor carpi radialis brevis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39a–d

Figure 11–4a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 2 of 6).
Appendicular Muscles Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Sartorius Rectus femoris Patella Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Gastrocnemius Tibia Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Soleus Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Medial malleolus of tibia a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 1a; 39a–d

Figure 11–4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 1 of 6).
Axial Muscles Appendicular Muscles Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis Trapezius Deltoid Sternocleidomastoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major External oblique Rhomboid major Triceps brachii (long head) Triceps brachii (lateral head) Latissimus dorsi Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris b Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b

Figure 11–4b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (Part 2 of 6).
Appendicular Muscles Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Iliotibial tract Semimembranosus Gracilis Biceps femoris Sartorius Plantaris Gastrocnemius Soleus Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus b Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 1b; 40a,b

11-6 Axial Muscles Muscles of the head and neck
Muscles of facial expression: Originate on skull Muscles of mastication: Move the mandible Muscles of the tongue: Names end in glossus Muscles of the pharynx: Begin swallowing process Extrinsic eye muscles Originate on surface of orbit Control position of eyes Muscles of the anterior neck Control position of larynx Depress the mandible and tense floor of mouth Support muscles of tongue and pharynx

11-6 Axial Muscles Muscles of facial expression
Orbicularis oris: Constricts the mouth opening Buccinator Moves food across the teeth In infants, provides suction for nursing Muscles of the epicranium (scalp) Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis Frontal belly and occipital belly are separated by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma Covers anterior surface of neck

Figure 11–5a Muscles of Facial Expression.
Epicranial aponeurosis Temporoparietalis (cut and reflected) Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis Masseter Buccinator Sternocleidomastoid Mentalis (cut) Orbicularis oris Trapezius Platysma (cut and reflected) a Lateral view

11-6 Axial Muscles Extrinsic eye muscles (oculomotor muscles)
Inferior rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique

Figure 11–6b Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
Trochlea Extrinsic Eye Muscles Superior oblique Superior rectus Levator palpebrae superioris Optic nerve Medial rectus Inferior rectus Medial surface, right eye b Optic nerve Frontal bone Levator palpebrae superioris Trochlea (ligamentous sling) Extrinsic Eye Muscles Superior oblique Superior rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Maxilla Lateral surface, right eye a

11-6 Axial Muscles Muscles of mastication Masseter
Strongest jaw muscle Temporalis Helps elevate the mandible Pterygoid muscles Elevate, depress, and protract mandible Slide mandible from side to side (lateral excursion)

Figure 11–7a Muscles of Mastication.
Superior temporal line Muscles of Mastication Temporalis Masseter Capsule of temporomandibular joint a Lateral view. The temporalis passes medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible. The masseter inserts on the angle and lateral surface of the mandible.

Figure 11–7b Muscles of Mastication.
Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Cut edge of mandible b Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed. The location and orientation of the pterygoid muscles are seen after the overlying muscles and a portion of the mandible are removed.

11-6 Axial Muscles Oblique and rectus muscles Lie within body wall
Oblique muscles Compress underlying structures Rotate vertebral column Rectus muscles Flex vertebral column Oppose erector spinae

11-6 Axial Muscles Oblique muscles Thoracic region
External and internal intercostal muscles Aid in breathing movements of ribs Transversus thoracis Crosses posterior surface of sternum Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic) External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis

11-6 Axial Muscles Rectus muscles Rectus abdominis
Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis Divided longitudinally by linea alba Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions The diaphragm Divides thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Major muscle used in breathing

Figure 11–12b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
Serratus anterior Internal intercostal External oblique External intercostal External oblique (cut) Tendinous inscription Internal oblique Cut edge of rectus sheath Linea alba Rectus abdominis b Anterior view

11-6 Axial Muscles Muscles of the pelvic floor Function to
Support organs of pelvic cavity Flex sacrum and coccyx Control movement of materials through urethra and anus Perineum Region bounded by inferior margins of pelvis Divided by ischial tuberosities into Anterior urogenital triangle Posterior anal triangle Pelvic diaphragm Forms muscular foundation of anal triangle Extends to pubic symphysis

11-6 Axial Muscles Perineum Urogenital and pelvic diaphragms
Do not completely close pelvic outlet Urethra, anus, vagina (in females), muscles, nerves, and blood vessels pass through Sphincters permit voluntary control of urination and defecation

Figure 11–13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissections Vagina Urogenital Triangle Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Superficial transverse perineal muscle Anus Gluteus maximus a Female

Figure 11–13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Part 2 of 2).
Deep Dissections UROGENITAL TRIANGLE OF PERINEUM Urethra External urethral sphincter Deep transverse perineal muscle Central tendon of perineum Pelvic Diaphragm Pubococcygeus Levator ani Iliococcygeus External anal sphincter Coccygeus Sacrotuberous ligament ANAL TRIANGLE a Female

11-7 Appendicular Muscles
Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles Move upper and lower limbs Two groups of appendicular muscles Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs Four groups Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Muscles that move the arm Muscles that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the fingers

Figure 11–14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Axial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid Platysma Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Appendicular Muscles Subclavius Deltoid Deltoid (cut and reflected) Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Serratus anterior Teres major Serratus anterior Axial Muscles Axial Muscles External intercostal External oblique Internal intercostal Internal oblique (cut) Rectus sheath External oblique (cut and reflected) Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Superficial inguinal ring a Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39b

Figure 11–14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Axial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Appendicular Muscles Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Levator scapulae Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Rhomboid minor (cut and reflected) Teres minor Serratus posterior superior Teres major Rhomboid major (cut and relflected) Triceps brachii Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi (cut and reflected) Latissimus dorsi (right side cut and reflected) Axial Muscles Erector spinae muscle group Thoracolumbar fascia Serratus posterior inferior External oblique Iliac crest Internal oblique b Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40a,b

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Trapezius Superficial Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Posterior view b Large and superficial Covers back and portions of the neck Extends to base of skull Originates on midline of neck and back Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Serratus anterior Fan-shaped muscle on chest Originates along ribs Inserts on anterior margin of scapula Subclavius Originates on ribs Inserts on clavicle Pectoralis minor Attaches to coracoid process of scapula

Muscles that move the arm Deltoid The major abductor Supraspinatus Assists deltoid Muscles that move the arm Pectoralis major Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus Produces flexion at shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus Produces extension at shoulder joint

Figure 11–16a Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection Sternum Clavicle Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Pectoralis major a Anterior view

Figure 11–16b Muscles That Move the Arm (Part 1 of 2).
Superficial Dissection Vertebra T1 Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus* Deltoid Latissimus dorsi (*Rotator cuff muscle) Thoracolumbar fascia b Posterior view

Rotator cuff Muscles involved in shoulder rotation Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and their tendons Muscles that move the forearm and hand Most originate on humerus and insert on forearm and wrist Exceptions The major flexor (biceps brachii) The major extensor (triceps brachii) Biceps brachii and long head of triceps brachii originate on scapula

Muscles that move the forearm and hand Extensors Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm Flexors Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces Extensors of the elbow Triceps brachii Long head originates on scapula Inserts on olecranon of ulna Anconeus

Flexors of the elbow Biceps brachii Flexes elbow and supinates forearm Stabilizes shoulder joint Originates on scapula Inserts on radial tuberosity of radius Brachialis and brachioradialis Flex the elbow

Flexors of the wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes and adducts wrist Flexor carpi radialis Flexes and abducts wrist Palmaris longus Flexes wrist Extensors of the wrist Extensor carpi radialis Extends and abducts wrist Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends and adducts wrist

Figure 11–17a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
ACTION AT THE ELBOW Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Brachioradialis Anconeus Olecranon of ulna Muscles That Move the Hand ACTION AT THE HAND Flexor carpi ulnaris ANTERIOR Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digitorum Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Abductor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Ulna Extensor pollicis brevis Flexor digitorum superficialis Radius Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor retinaculum Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor digitorum profundus Abductor pollicis longus Ulna Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor pollicis longus a Posterior view, superficial layer POSTERIOR

Figure 11–17b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
Coracoid process of scapula POSTERIOR Lateral head Humerus Coracobrachialis Long head Triceps brachii Muscles That Move the Forearm Medial head LATERAL ACTION AT THE ELBOW Humerus Biceps brachii, short head Vein Biceps brachii, long head Artery Triceps brachii, long head Nerve Triceps brachii, medial head Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis ANTERIOR Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Muscles That Move the Hand ACTION AT THE HAND Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum b Anterior view, superficial layer

Muscles That Move the Forearm SUPINATOR AND PRONATORS Supinator Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Ulna Radius Supination Pronation Supination and pronation e Muscles involved in supination and pronation Supinator and pronator teres Originate on humerus and ulna Rotate radius Pronator quadratus Originates on ulna Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of supinator or biceps brachii

Tendons of forearm muscles that cross the wrist pass through synovial tendon sheaths Extensor retinaculum Wide band of connective tissue Posterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles Flexor retinaculum Anterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles

Muscles that move the fingers Extrinsic muscles of the hand Lie in forearm Only tendons cross wrist Provide strength and gross movement of hand and fingers Intrinsic muscles Originate on carpal and metacarpal bones No muscles originate on phalanges Only tendons extend across distal joints of fingers Provide fine motor movement of the hand

Muscles that move the thigh Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas Gluteal muscles Gluteus maximus Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip Tensor fasciae latae Works with gluteus maximus To pull on iliotibial tract of lateral surface of thigh Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus Originate anterior to gluteus maximus Insert on greater trochanter of femur

Figure 11–20a Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus minimus Obturator internus a Gluteal region, posterior view

Figure 11–20b Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Gluteal Group Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Head of fibula Patellar ligament b Lateral view

Figure 11–20c Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Lateral rotators Group of six muscles, including the dominant Piriformis Obturator Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus (cut) medius minimus Tensor fasciae latae Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Iliotibial tract Posterior view, deep muscles c

Adductors Pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, and gracilis Produce hip flexion and adduction Adductor magnus Produces adduction and extension or flexion Also, medial or lateral rotation at hip Iliopsoas Two hip flexors that insert on the same tendon Psoas major Iliacus

Figure 11–20d Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliopsoas Group Psoas major Iliacus L5 L5 Inguinal ligament Lateral Rotator Group Piriformis Adductor Group Obturator internus Pectineus Obturator externus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis d Anterior view of the iliopsoas and adductor groups

Flexors of the knee Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus

Figure 11–21a Muscles That Move the Leg.
Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris, long head* Biceps femoris, short head* Semitendinosus* Semimembranosus* Sartorius Popliteus (*Hamstring muscles) a Hip and thigh, posterior view

Figure 11–21b Muscles That Move the Leg.
Knee extensors Quadriceps femoris consists of Three vastus muscles Rectus femoris Gluteus medius Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Iliacus Psoas major Pubic tubercle Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Sartorius Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps femoris) Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament Iliotibial tract Quadriceps femoris and thigh muscles, anterior view Iliopsoas b

Muscles that move the foot and toes Extrinsic muscles that produce plantar flexion Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis muscles Tibialis posterior Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus

Superficial Dissection
Figure 11–22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (Part 1 of 2). Superficial Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Popliteus Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus a Posterior views

Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at ankle Tibialis anterior Opposes the gastrocnemius Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at toes Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinacula stabilize synovial tendon sheaths of these muscles Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at toes Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Figure 11–22b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Iliotibial tract Head of fibula Ankle Extensors Gastrocnemius, lateral head Ankle Flexors Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of fibularis tertius b Lateral view

Figure 11–22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Patella Medial surface of tibial shaft Patellar ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius, medial head Soleus Tibialis posterior Digital Extensors Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of tibialis anterior c Medial view

Figure 11–22d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Patellar ligament Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Tibia Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor digitorum longus Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of tibialis anterior d Anterior view

11-8 Effects of Exercise Muscular system is supported by other systems
Cardiovascular system Delivers oxygen and nutrients Removes carbon dioxide Respiratory system Responds to oxygen demand of muscles Integumentary system Disperses heat from muscle activity Nervous and endocrine systems Direct responses of all systems

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