1. Endocrine System ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Ductless
EXOCRINE GLANDS – secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas

2. Endocrine System
Function of the Endocrine System – to secrete hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.
What other system works with the Endocrine system to control functions of the body?????
Nervous

3. Negative feedback

4. Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion
Endocrine System
Hormonal Control
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion
Blood level of hormone falls
Hypothalamus gets message and sends out hormone to pituitary gland
Pituitary gland sends out stimulating hormones to the gland, tissues or cells
Gland stimulates more hormone production
When blood levels of hormone increase, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary to stop stimulating hormones

5. Endocrine System PITUITARY GLAND the size of a grape Connected to
the hypothalamus
Anterior and posterior lobes
The “Master Gland”

6. Endocrine System Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship
Hypothalamus is part of the nervous system
It produces 2 hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

7. Endocrine System Posterior Pituitary Lobe
VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts on kidney to preserve H2O in the body
OXYTOCIN – released
during childbirth
causing contractions
of the uterus

8. Anterior Pituitary Lobe
Endocrine System
Anterior Pituitary Lobe
GROWTH HORMONE - GH responsible for growth and development
PROLACTIN –production of milk after childbirth

9. Endocrine System
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE – FSH -stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males

10. Endocrine System LUTEINIZING HORMONE – LH stimulates ovulation
INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE – ICSH production of testosterone in males

11. Endocrine System THYROID GLAND H or Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
On either side of larynx, over trachea
Produces 2 hormones:
Thyroxine and Calcitonin

12. (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Endocrine System
THYROXINE – is controlled by the secretion of TSH
(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Thyroxine controls the rate of ALL metabolism
Speeds up or slows down body activities
Helps with heat production

13. Where do we get out Iodine????
Endocrine System
Thyroid hormones contain Iodine
Where do we get out Iodine????
We get Iodine from our diets-specifically salt

14. What else do we need Ca+ for???
Endocrine System
CALCITONIN – causes Ca+ to be absorbed by the bones
99% of Ca+ is stored in our bones
Hypercalcemia: a harmful rise in blood Ca+ levels
Is FATAL if not treated!!!!
What else do we need Ca+ for???
coagulation
nerve functioning

15. Endocrine System Negative Feedback: Ca+ levels in blood increase.
_____ (from the pituitary) stimulates the thyroid to release ______________.
___________ causes Ca+ to be absorbed by the bone.
When blood levels of Ca+ return to normal, hypothalamus tells the pituitary to stop producing ______.

16. Endocrine System PARATHYROID GLANDS
Four glands, size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produces PARATHORMONE

17. Endocrine System
Parathormone works with Calcitonin to control Ca+ blood levels
When Ca+ levels in the blood decrease,
Parathormone is released causing bone to release Ca+ into the blood
Prevents hypocalcemia

18. Works under the control of ACTH
Endocrine System
ADRENAL GLANDS
Located on top of each kidney:
Outer part cortex
Inner layer medulla
Works under the control of ACTH

19. Endocrine System Adrenal cortex: secretes hormones known as corticoids
Corticoids are anti-inflammatory
1. mineralocorticoids Aldosterone
speeds up Na+ absorption from the kidneys

20. Endocrine System 2. glucocorticoids “cortisone” as in hydrocortisone
Glucocorticoids help:
** increase glucose levels in the blood
** resist everyday stress
**decrease inflammation
** decrease pain in injuries by inhibiting prostaglandins

21. Endocrine System 3. Androgens male sex hormones
These are the ones abused by athletes
Medulla: secretes 2 hormones
--Epinephrine or adrenalin a powerful cardiac stimulant causes the
Fight or Flight syndrome
-- Norepinephrine antagonist to epinephrine
These 2 hormones DO NOT use the negative feedback system

22. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS special cells in the pancreas
Endocrine System
PANCREAS
Endocrine secretes Insulin
Exocrine secretes enzymes into digestive system to help break down food
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS special cells in the pancreas
Beta cells produce Insulin
Insulin – decreases blood glucose levels
Alpha cells produce Glucagon
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels

23. Endocrine System Pineal gland looks like a pine cone
produces melatonin
-located in the 3rd ventricle and is associated with the amount of light
coming into the brain via the eyes
Decrease light increased melatonin
Increased light decreased melatonin

24. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Endocrine System
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Called “cabin fever” “winter blues”
It is the depression people feel during the dark days of winter
Associated with the increased melatonin production
Treatment is sunshine or ultra violent light

25. directly into the blood
Endocrine System
Thymus gland part of the lymphatic system
Endocrine function secretes WBCs
directly into the blood
Thymus gland gets smaller as we get older
WHY????
GONADS
Ovary in female
Testes in male
Estrogen/ Progesterone female
Testosterone – male

26. Disorders of the Pituitary
Endocrine Disorders
Disorders of the Pituitary
1.GIGANTISM
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone (GH)
In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

27. Endocrine Disorders Robert Pershing Wadlow (8’1”)
The world's tallest man standing next to men of average height.

28. Endocrine Disorders 2. ACROMEGALY
Hyperfunction of pituitary – in adulthood (“A and A”)
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet, chin protrudes, and extremities enlarge
Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

29. Endocrine Disorders Changing Features in Acromegaly Over Time

30. Endocrine Disorders DWARFISM Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal
Rx – injection of growth hormone

31. Endocrine Disorders HYPERTHYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine is secreted
Metabolism is high
leads to enlargement of thyroid gland
This is called a GOITER
Another common symptom is
bulging of eyeballs -EXOPHTHALMOS

32. Endocrine Disorders HYPERTHYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine is secreted
Metabolism is high
leads to enlargement of thyroid gland
This is called a GOITER
Another common symptom is
bulging of eyeballs -EXOPHTHALMOS

33. Endocrine Disorders Common S/S are: bulging of eyeballs –EXOPHTHALMOS
Increased BP
Increased perspiration
Brittle hair and fingernails

34. Endocrine Disorders Goiter Exophthalamos
Treatment: removal of thyroid, medication

35. Endocrine Disorders HYPOTHYROIDISM Not enough thyroxine secreted
Metabolism is low
May be due to lack of iodine, generally seen in third world countries
a “simple goiter” develops, called simple because it can be treated with I+ in the diet

36. Why do both disorders result in a goiter???
Endocrine Disorders
S/S are:
dry and itchy skin
Constipation WHY???
muscle cramps at night WHY???
Why do both disorders result in a goiter???

37. Hypoparathyroidism causes
Endocrine Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism causes
TETANY
Decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves
Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
Rx: parathormone

38. (glucocorticoids, androgens, mineralcorticoids)
Endocrine Disorders
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
1. CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
(glucocorticoids, androgens, mineralcorticoids)
May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or prolonged use of prednisone

39. Endocrine Disorders Seen in women more often S/S are:
high blood pressure
obesity
hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
menstrual disorders (due to increased testosterone)
Rounded moon face and buffalo hump
(Makes a Cushion)
Rx – surgical removal of tumor

40. Endocrine Disorders ADDISON’S DISEASE Hypofunction of adrenal cortex
S/S are:
bronzing of skin
hypoglycemia, hypotension
Rx – replace deficient hormones

41. Endocrine Disorders Androgen Abuse males liver changes
atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement
“roid rage”
Female amenorrhea, abnormal body hair, voice changes

42. Endocrine Disorders

43. Endocrine Disorders Disorders of the PANCREAS DIABETES MELLITUS
Caused by:
1. secretion of insulin
“insulin dependent” or “juvenile” diabetes OR
2. ineffective use of Insulin
“adult onset” or Type II diabetes

44. Endocrine Disorders normal blood sugar 80-100 mg
Hyperglycemia elevated blood sugar
S/S of diabetes : polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss
WHY these symptoms??

45. Endocrine Disorders 1. polyuria
Frequent urination or lots of urine when voiding (urination)
to much glucose in the blood
body is getting rid of it by urinating it out

46. Excessive urine loss leads
Endocrine Disorders
2. polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Why are these pts. thirsty???
Excessive urine loss leads
to dehydration

47. Endocrine Disorders 3. polyphagia Increased hunger
The cells are not getting any glucose to work with, they are “starving” and it makes pts. hungry

48. Endocrine Disorders 4. weight loss
Carbohydrates are the first energy source used by the body
Because the body can’t use carbs (no Insulin) they use the protein and fat stores in the body

49. Treatment for hyperglycemia is to give Insulin
Endocrine Disorders
If hyperglycemia goes untreated,
It results in
“diabetic coma”
Treatment for hyperglycemia is to give Insulin

50. Endocrine Disorders Hypoglycemia Blood glucose is to low
Can result from too much Insulin or not eating enough
If not treated, hypoglcemia results in
Insulin shock

51. Endocrine Disorders
S/S of hypoglycemia:
Nausea HA
Shakiness
Dizziness

52. Endocrine Disorders What should you do????? EAT!!!!
What should you eat???
First, sugar to increase glucose
Then proteins to absorb Insulin
(peanut butter, cheese, meat)

53. Endocrine Disorders Complications of Diabetes
Cells are unable to get Insulin and can’t work properly resulting in:
Kidney/heart damage
Eye damage (retinopathy)
Peripheral nerve damage (neuropathy)
Poor wound healing

54. Endocrine Disorders
Retinopathy Normal Retina