1. War on the Home Front

2. Paying for the War: Canadian economy booming Rationing Victory Bonds
Supplying war effort (very expensive: new technology, huge
numbers of troops)
Goods go to Europe, prices rise in Canada, wages stay the
same, profiteers happy, workers unhappy
Rationing
Limiting consumption of food and supplies so more available
for the soldiers
Victory Bonds
Patriotic savings bonds sold to public to pay for the war
Income Tax and Borrowing
“temporary” tax on workers’ wages, and money borrowed from other
countries

3. Rationing:

4. Review: Propaganda
Propaganda – information presented in a certain way to spread particular beliefs and emotions 

5. Victory Bonds

6. Changing Role of Women Took over many jobs left vacant by soldiers:
Traditionally “male” jobs
Supported the country in time of need
New responsibilities = New rights
Suffrage movement (Nellie McClung)
Manitoba first province to allow women to vote (1916)
British Columbia in 1917; the rest of Canada is behind

7. Changing Role of Women

8. British Women Building Ships, 1918

9. British Woman Driving Truck, 1917

10. British Women working in factory. Here they are working with coal.

11. Canadian Women doing target practice, 1917

12. Many women enlisted as nurses on the Western Front

13. Changing Role of Women

15. Halifax Explosion! December 6, 1917 Destruction of WWI came to Canada
French ship, Mont Blanc, collided with another ship in Halifax harbour
Carrying 2500 tons of dynamite and munitions
Explosion and fires killed more than 2000 people; 9,000 wounded; 25,000 left homeless
One of the worst disasters in Canadian history

16. Halifax Explosion!

17. Halifax Explosion!

18. Internment of “Enemy Aliens” in Canada 1914-1920

19. Immigration to Canada
Between 1891 and 1914, approximately 170,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada from Europe. They liked the Canadian government’s offer of free land and a better life on the Canadian prairies.

20. Mistaken Identity
During this time, the regions where Ukrainians came from were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Ukrainian immigrants from these regions were labelled as “Austrian” or “Austro-Hungarian”. (Area # 6 and #2 on the map)

21. “Enemy Aliens”
In 1914, through the War Measures Act, Canada issued an order for registration and in certain cases, internment of individuals who were considered to be of ‘enemy nationality’ to Canada.
Austria-Hungary was not an ally of Canada during the war. Therefore, many Ukrainians and other East European immigrants were described as Austrian “enemy aliens” by the Canadian government.

22. Tracking Immigrants
Over 9,000 men, women and children were interned (like imprisonment) in 24 concentration camps across Canada. Approximately 5,000 of those interned were Ukrainian; 1000 were other Austro-Hungarians, 2000 were German, and others included Turks and Bulgarians.
As many as 80,000 Ukrainians were forced to carry identity documents and report regularly to government authorities.

23. Internment Camps

24. Lives Changed
Ukrainian immigrants and other suspected “enemy aliens” lost trust in the government after having their activities tracked and their loyalty to Canada questioned.
Some were deported after the war. Others changed their names to hide the shame of being interned from their children.
The ethnic pride and self-image of Ukrainians in Canada was negatively affected because of their internment as war criminals. * In order to prove their loyalty to Canada, large numbers of Ukrainian Canadians volunteered for military duty during World War II.