1. Ch 8 Appendicular Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton
Includes the bones of the limbs and the supporting elements, or girdles, that connect them to the trunk.
Functions to allow you to manipulate objects and move from place to place
On long bones, one epiphyses is called the head, and the diaphysis is called the shaft, and the head and shaft are normally separated by a neck.

3. Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle – shoulder girdle – the point where each arm articulates w/ the trunk
Pelvic girdle – paired hip bones
Upper and lower limbs

4. Pectoral girdle
Pectoral girdle consists of 2 S-shaped clavicles and 2 broad, flat scapulae
The medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum. These articulations are the ONLY direct connections b/t the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton.

5. KNOW the skeleton on pg. 248

6. Humerus The Head articulates w/the scapula
At the condyle, the humerus articulates w/ the radius and ulna .

7. Ulna and radius Bones in the forearm Ulna lies medial to the radius
Joins the humerus at the elbow and the carpals or wrist at the distal end

8. Carpal bones There are 8 bones in the wrist
Cute little tips and tricks on pg 253 Be able to list them in order and tell the direction

9. Metacarpal bones
Roman numeral I-V are used to identify the metacarpals
Articulates w/ wrist and fingers
Fingers inside the hand

10. Phalanges 14 finger bones or phalanges in each hand
1st finger, or thumb, is called the pollex, has 2 phalanges
Each of the other fingers have 3 phalanges

11. Pelvic girdle
Consists of two hip bones (coxal bones or innominate bones)
Each hip bones is made from 3 fused bones:
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
Acetabulum is the concave socket that articulates w/ the head of the femur

12. Pelvis
The pelvis consists of 2 coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
True pelvis – encloses the pelvis cavity, a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity
The false pelvis – consists of the expanded, bladelike portions of each ilium superior to the pelvic brim
See differences in male and female pelvic bones pg. 257

13. Female skeleton adaptations
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broader pubic angle ( 1000)
Less curvature on sacrum and coccyx
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
Relatively broad pelvis that does not extend as far superiorly
Ilia that project farther laterally, but do not extend as far superior to the sacrum

14. These adaptations are related to the support of the weight of the developing fetus and uterus, and the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet during delivery
Also the hormone relaxin, produced during pregnancy loosens the pubic symphysis and sacroiliac liagaments, allowing hip bones to widen

15. Lower limbs Each lower limb consists of: Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges of the foot

16. Femur – longest and heaviest bone in the body
The femoral head, articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum
Patella – knee cap – large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
Tibia – shinbone – large medial bone of the leg
Fibula – lateral border of the tibia

17. Tarsal bones Tarsal bones, ankle, consists of seven tarsal bones
Talus – the tarsal on top of the foot
Calcaneus – heel bone – largest of the tarsals
Metatarsal bones – 5 long bones that form the distal portion of the foot. Roman numerals are used to identify them I-V
Phalanges – toe bones – 14 phalanges
Hallux – great toe-2; others have 3 each

18. Arches of foot
Longitudinal arch – held up by ligaments and tendons runs from front to back of foot
Transverse arch – medial to lateral borders of the foot

19. Sex differences and aging problems
Condition of the teeth or presence of healed fractures give an indication of the individual’s medical history
In some cases, the skeleton my provide clues about the individual’s nutritional state, handedness, and even occupation
See chart on pg 263 and 264