1. CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR2
CHAPTER
CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
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2. Consumer Behavior In The News…
SUV’s in China?
Yes!
Expect SUV Segment to be 20% of Market in (up from 8% in 2004).
Barriers:
Drivers:
Will Trend Sustain in Face of Rising Fuel Costs?
Source: J. B. White, “China’s SUV Surge,” The Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2004, p. B1, B3
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4. Consumer Behavior In The News…
SUV’s in China?
Yes!
Expect SUV Segment to be 20% of Market in (up from 8% in 2004).
Barriers: Traffic Jams, Gov’t Push to Conserve Fuel, Cost of Fuel
Drivers: Bold Image, Greater Capacity, Safety
Will Trend Sustain in Face of Rising Fuel Costs?
Source: J. B. White, “China’s SUV Surge,” The Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2004, p. B1, B3
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5. Marketing Across Cultural Boundaries is a Difficult and Challenging Task
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6. The Concept of Culture
Culture is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.
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7. The Concept of Culture
Although pizza is eaten most everywhere, what is on the pizza can be quite different!
Pepperoni
Tuna & Corn
Black Bean Sauce
Squid
BBQ Chicken
Eggs
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8. The Concept of Culture
Cultural values give rise to norms and associated sanctions, which in turn influence consumption patterns.
Cultures are not static. They typically evolve and change slowly over time.
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9. Variations in Cultural Values
Other-Oriented Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Self-Oriented Values
The numerous values that differ across cultures and affect consumption include:
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10. Variations in Cultural Values
Other-Oriented Values
Reflect a society’s view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society.
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11. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Prescribe a society’s relationship to its economic and technical as well as its physical environment.
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12. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable.
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13. Variations in Cultural Values Other-Oriented Values
Individual/Collective
Youth/Age
Extended/Limited Family
Masculine/Feminine
Competitive/Cooperative
Diversity/Uniformity
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14. Variations in Cultural Values Individual/Collective
Other-Oriented Values
Individual/Collective
Are individual activity and initiative valued more highly than collective activity and conformity?
Asian cultures more collective
U.S. culture more individualistic
(eating alone)
(China age differences)
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15. Variations in Cultural Values Other-Oriented Values
Youth/Age
Is family life organized to meet the needs of the children or the adults?
Are younger or older people viewed as leaders and role models?
(little emperors)
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16. Variations in Cultural Values Extended/Limited Family
Other-Oriented Values
Extended/Limited Family
To what extent does one have a life-long obligation to numerous family members?
Extended family critical in South/ Central America
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17. Variations in Cultural Values
Other-Oriented Values
Masculine/Feminine
To what extend does social power automatically go to males?
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18. Variations in Cultural Values Competitive/Cooperative
Other-Oriented Values
Competitive/Cooperative
Does one obtain success by excelling over others or by cooperating with them?
(comparative ads)
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19. Variations in Cultural Values Diversity/Uniformity
Other-Oriented Values
Diversity/Uniformity
Does the culture embrace variation in religious belief, ethnic background, political views, and other important behaviors and attitudes?
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20. Variations in Cultural Values Environment-Oriented Values
Cleanliness
Performance/Status
Tradition/Change
Risk taking/Security
Problem solving/Fatalistic
Nature
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21. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Cleanliness
To what extent is cleanliness pursued beyond the minimum needed for health?
U.S. very high on personal hygiene – some think to an extreme!
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22. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Performance/Status
Is the culture’s reward system based on performance or on inherited factors such as family or class?
Closely related to the concept of power distance, which refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in power, authority, status, and wealth as natural or inherent in society.
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23. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Tradition/Change
Is tradition valued simply for the sake of tradition? Is change or “progress” an acceptable reason for altering established patterns?
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24. Variations in Cultural Values Tradition/Change (Cont.)
Environment-Oriented Values
Tradition/Change (Cont.)
A focus on technology as an indicator of change illustrates some dramatic differences across cultures that show the following:
The above represent Internet users and cell phones as a percent of total population
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25. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Risk taking/Security
Are those who risk their established positions to overcome obstacles or achieve high goals admired more than those who do not?
A society that does not admire risk taking is unlikely to develop enough entrepreneurs to achieve economic change and growth.
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26. Variations in Cultural Values Problem solving/Fatalistic
Environment-Oriented Values
Problem solving/Fatalistic
Are people encouraged to overcome all problems, or do they take a “what will be, well be” attitude?
Is there an optimistic, “we can do it” orientation?
Mexico and Middle-East Countries tend to fall toward the fatalistic end of the continuum.
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27. Variations in Cultural Values
Environment-Oriented Values
Nature
Is nature regarded as something to be admired or overcome?
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28. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Active/Passive
Sensual gratification/Abstinence
Material/Nonmaterial
Hard work/Leisure
Postponed gratification/Immediate gratification
Religious/Secular
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29. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Active/Passive
Is a physically active approach to life valued more highly than a less active orientation?
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30. Variations in Cultural Values Sensual gratification/Abstinence
Self-Oriented Values
Sensual gratification/Abstinence
To what extent is it acceptable to enjoy sensual pleasures such as food, drink, and sex?
Cultures differ in their acceptance of sensual gratification.
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31. Applications in Consumer Behavior
Ad for Calvin Klein underwear:
OK in U.S. and France.
Not appropriate in cultures that place a high value on abstinence.
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32. Variations in Cultural Values Material/Nonmaterial
Self-Oriented Values
Material/Nonmaterial
How much importance is attached to the acquisition of material wealth? (Chinese and televisions)
Two types of materialism:
Instrumental materialism – is the acquisition of things to enable one to do something.
Terminal materialism – is the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself.
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33. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Hard work/Leisure
Is a person who works harder than economically necessary admired more than one who does not?
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34. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Postponed gratification/Immediate gratification
Are people encouraged to “save for a rainy day” or to “live for today”?
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35. Variations in Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Religious/Secular
To what extent are behaviors and attitudes based on the rules specified by a religious doctrine?
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36. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
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37. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Time
The meaning of time varies between cultures in two major ways:
Time perspective—the culture’s overall orientation toward time (monochronic vs. polychronic)
Interpretations assigned to specific uses of time (impacts messages - McDonalds)
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38. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Space
Overall use and meanings assigned to space vary widely among different cultures
how office space is allocated
Personal space
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39. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Symbols
Colors, animals, shapes, numbers, and music have varying meanings across cultures.
Failure to recognize the meaning assigned to a symbol can cause serious problems!
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40. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
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41. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Relationships
How quickly and easily do cultures form relationships and make friends?
Americans tend to form relationships and friends quickly and easily.
Chinese relationships are much more complex. Under the concept of guanxi, an individual can draw upon personal connections/relationships to secure resources or advantages when doing business as well as in the course of social life.
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42. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Agreements
How does a culture ensure business obligations are honored? How are disagreements resolved?
Some cultures rely on a legal system; others rely on relationships, friendships, kinship, local moral principles, or informal customs to guide business conduct.
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43. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Things
The cultural meaning of things leads to purchase patterns that one would not otherwise predict.
The differing meanings that cultures attach to things, including products, make gift-giving a particularly difficult task.
For example, what type of gift is appropriate and when does receipt of a gift “require” a gift in return?
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44. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Etiquette
The generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations.
Behaviors considered rude or obnoxious in one culture may be quite acceptable in another!
Normal voice tone, pitch, and speed of speech differ between cultures and languages, as do the use of gestures.
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45. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communications
Etiquette
Meishi is an important aspect of Japanese business etiquette…”a man without a Meishi has no identity in Japan.” What is Meishi? It is the exchange of business cards!
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46. A Global Teenage Culture?
Global Cultures
A Global Teenage Culture?
Mass media and the Internet have had an impact of uniformity among teens around the world.
They tend to watch many of the same shows, see the same movies and videos, listen to the same music, and they tend to dress alike.
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47. Global Demographics
Demographics describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.
Demographics are both a result and a cause of cultural values.
For example, densely populated societies, such as China, are likely to have more of a collective orientation than an individualistic one.
Disposable income is one aspect of demographics--the rapid growth in personal income in parts of China has led to an overall market explosion!
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48. Global Demographics
A critical aspect of demographics for marketers is income--specifically the distribution of income.
One country with a relatively low average income can have a sizable middle-income segment, while another country with the same average income may have most of the wealth in the hands of a few individuals.
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49. % of total income (to top 10%)
Global Demographics
Country
GDP
(per capita)
% of total income (to top 10%)
Brazil
$ 7,600
48%
China
5,000 30
United Kingdom
27,700 28
United States
37,800 31
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50. Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategy
Considerations in Approaching a Foreign Market
Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous with Respect to Culture?
What Needs Can the Product Fill in this Culture?
Can Enough People Afford the Product?
What Values are Relevant to the Purchase and Use of the Product?
What are the Distribution, Political and Legal Structures for the Product?
In What Ways Can We Communicate About the Product?
What are the Ethical Implications of Marketing This Product in This Country?
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51. Applications in Consumer Behavior
Adaptation is Often Required in Cross-Cultural Marketing. Here, McDonald’s uses a Popular Chinese Sports Celebrity.
GOH CHAI HIN/AFP/Getty Images
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