1. 英语写作II Advanced English Writing
主讲教师: 鲁晓霞

2. Chapter 6 Composition Writing

3. Types of Writing
Exposition

4. Classification and Division
When we break something into parts, groups, classes, categories, etc., we are classifying those items. The classification is normally made according to certain criteria or based on certain standards or principles.

5. Guidelines for using this strategy:
Choose a meaningful principle.
Be consistent and avoid overlapping.
Name and define each group .
Avoid either/or and too many categories .

6. Thesis and structure
The form of the thesis is the enumeration of the categories into which your subject is divided or classified.
You signify the pattern by words like “types,” “kinds,” “categories,” “groups,” etc.
A more desirable form of thesis is to combine the types with the purpose of division or classification.
e.g.
Although the travel books are the best known of Mark Twain’s nonfiction works, his essays, his letters, and particularly his autobiography deserve equal attention.

7. Introduction (with thesis statement)
Structure:
Introduction (with thesis statement)
Body part: (One paragraph is devoted to each category.)
Conclusion
sample

8. practice
Brainstorm and develop a detailed outline on 2 of the given topics.
1. My friends or relatives
2. Television comedies
3. Consumers / Sales people
4. Television addicts
5. Special students on campus
6. Stress for graduate students
7. Kinds of teachers

9. Process Analysis
When we have to explain how something is made\done, we usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description, that is we are analyzing a process.
Also in process analysis, a series of events are arranged in time order, and relates them to one another(we use, first, second, after that, then, etc.).But the emphasis here is different from that in narration which also arranges a series of events in time order.
The purpose here is to examine or analyze the various stages that lead to the final result or final product---that is to analyze how it happens whereas narration tells mainly what happens.

10. Two types of process analysis essays:
1. Directional
Readers are expected to follow the instructions on how to do something themselves.
This kind of essays sound personal. The reader is supposed to sit next to you or in front of you. So the directions are given politely.
Imperative mood and the present tense are used.
Always use the same person for the essay .

11. 2. Informative
Readers are not expected to perform the action. The purpose here is to provide information for readers to understand the subject better.
This type of essay is less detailed.It is objective.

12. Organization Introduction:
Define the process or name the things to be made or done. (What should be told to the readers ?)
a. What materials, equipment, tools, skills needed for the task preparations before actual performance of doing things.
b. Purpose of writing(Is it necessary/important to tell readers how to do something, how to make something, how something works?)
c. List the main steps or sometimes give each step a clear name so that the reader will have an overview of the whole process.

13. Main body
Divided the whole process into several major steps and examine them. Each step will be developed into a paragraph with a topic sentence defining the step or stating the purpose.

14. Concluding paragraph
Restate the importance or the value of going through the process. If the process deals with making or producing something, show the end product to the reader---How it functions or operates.
sample

15. Pre-writing activities
Evaluate the audience and select details accordingly.
When necessary , describe unfamiliar materials and define uncommon terms. Avoid technical words. Unfamiliar terms may create obstacles for the reader to follow the process.
Rely strictly on chronological order and do not use flashbacks. Any shift of time must be indicate clearly.
Avoid unnecessary change in tense, person, voice, and tone.

16. Making bread Yeast is mixed with warm water.
Flour is beaten into this mixture to form dough.
The dough is turned out onto a lightly floured surface.
The dough is kneaded.
The ball of dough is placed in a bowl.
The bowl is left in a warm placed until the dough doubles in sign.
The dough is shaped into a loaf.
The shaped dough is placed in a bread pan.
The pan is covered and left in a warm place until the dough has risen.
The loaf is baked in an oven for minutes.

17. First yeast is mixed with warm water and then flour is beaten into this mixture to from dough. Next the dough is turned out onto a lightly floured surface and kneaded. After this the dough is placed in a bowl which is left in a warm place until the dough has doubled in a siege. Then the dough is once again turned out onto a lightly floured surface and shaped into a loaf. This is placed in a bread pan which is covered and left in a warm place until the dough has risen. Finally, the loaf is baked in an oven for minutes.

18. There are four separate stages in making bread
There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour.
At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise.
The third stage involves the shaping the dough into loaves: the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to “prove” (rise).
In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread-making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool in wire rakes.

19. Practice
Write 2 process essays—one directional, one informative—on the topics given. Underline your thesis statement in the introduction.
1. Making a kite
2. Making dumplings
3.Celebrating the Spring Festival
4. Celebrating the Mid-autumn FestivaL
5.Learning swimming

20. Thank You!