1. Chapter 2 The American Colonies Emerge

2. Chapter 2 Key Term Dissections
Conquistador
Proprietary colony
Massachusetts Bay Company
English Civil War

3. Chapter 2 Section 1 Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer Central and portions of North America.

4. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Cortés Subdues the Aztec
Conquistadors (conquerors)— Spanish explorers who seek gold and silver in new lands.
In 1519, Hernán Cortés leads his army into the Americas and claims land for Spain.

5. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
The Aztec dominate the region of Mexico. They were a strong nation with deadly warriors and massive amounts of gold.
The capital city, Tenochtitlan, is described as one of the most technologically advanced of the time period.
Upon Entering the city, Cortes and his men were amazed at some aspects of the city:
Huge Temples
Water Systems
GOLD

6. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
The Aztec Chief, Montezuma, thinks Cortés is an iron-clad god. He decides to give Cortes a portion of the Aztec gold.
Cortes and his men stay in the city and force the Aztec to mine more gold/silver.
By 1520, the Aztec rebel against the Spaniards and kick them out of the city.
By 1521, Cortes and his soldiers defeated the Aztec and burned Tenochtitlan to the ground.

7. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Factors that helped the Spanish defeat the Aztec:
Advanced Weapons/Armor
Native American Allies
Disease

8. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
After destroying Tenochtitlan, Cortés founds the colony of New Spain.
The capital of this colony would be built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan and named Mexico City.
Spanish settlers would begin to arrive from Spain and set up homes, churches and universities.

9. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Once these Spanish settlers arrived in Mexico, they began to marry Native Americans who lived in the region.
These marriages created the mestizo, or a group of individuals who share a European/Native American lineage.

10. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Spanish landlords would quickly begin to take advantage of the Native Americans by forcing them to work.
They created a system called encomienda, in which Native Americans work in harsh, dangerous conditions and do not receive the compensation they were promised.
This system would eventually be protested against by local priests and later outlawed by the King of Spain.
This would lead to Spanish landowners dependence on African slave labor instead.

11. The Spanish Claim a New Empire

12. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Juan Ponce de Leon was a Spanish Explorer who looked for gold in present-day Florida.
The explorations into Florida would yield very few successes and the Spanish would give up on the territory for a brief time.
St. Augustine, FL is the oldest European-founded city in the USA.

14. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Settling the Southwest
New Mexico (1609) – Spanish claimed territory in the Southwestern USA. The capital of this territory was Santa Fe.
A major trade network was created throughout this territory between Santa Fe and Mexico City.
Religion also had a major emphasis as Spanish Missions (Churches) were created throughout the region.

15. The Spanish Claim a New Empire

16. The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Conflict in New Mexico
Priests convert many Native Americans, try to suppress their culture
In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay tribute, do labor for missions
Popé’s Rebellion
Pueblo religious leader Popé heads uprising in New Mexico (1680)
Pueblo destroy Spanish churches, execute priests, force Spanish out
Spanish armies regain area 14 years later

17. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Chapter 2 Section 2
An English Settlement at Jamestown

18. An English Settlement at Jamestown
English colonies were not funded by the monarchy, they were instead funded by, joint-stock companies.
These companies were made up of a group of investors who would pool their money together in order to later make a profit off of the colony
The Virginia Company – In 1607, this company would be given permission by the King of England to establish a permanent settlement in the Americas

19. An English Settlement at Jamestown
The Virginia Company would send ships to establish this colony:
Susan Constant
Discovery
Godspeed
These ships reached the territory of Virginia in 1607 with 150 passengers on board, they would then establish the colony of Jamestown.

20. An English Settlement at Jamestown
John Smith – Englishmen who seeks adventure and approaches the Virginia Company about settling Jamestown
His leadership will help the colony to survive in its early stages, and later become profitable because of its crop production

21. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Disaster at Jamestown
The colonists arrived at the settlement and only dreamed of one thing: Gold.
This created a terrible situation because no one wanted to begin setting up ways of growing crops or preparing for the winter.
This lack of preparation would lead to disaster:
Diseases from Contaminated Drinking Water
Hunger from Lack of Crops
Native American Resistance

22. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Disaster at Jamestown
John Smith was able to keep the colony together by forcing the people to farm.
He told the settlers: “You must now obey this law, he that will not work shall not eat.”
Later that same Winter a spark would ignite John Smith’s gunpowder bag, he would be badly burned and be forced to return to England.

23. An English Settlement at Jamestown
In the Spring of 1609, 600 new settlers would arrive at Jamestown.
This new rise in population would worry the local Powhatan tribe and they would begin to sabotage the colonists by burning crops and killing livestock.
These actions greatly weakened the colonists food sources and would lead to huge casualties at Jamestown.
By the end of the “starving time” during Winter of 1609, only 60 of the original 600 colonists survived.

24. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Tobacco or “Brown Gold”

25. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Tobacco would become one of the largest export crops of the colonies at this time.
It was in extremely high demand in Europe which led to more companies beginning to set up colonies in the New World.
By the late 1620’s, colonies would export more than 1.5 million pounds of “brown gold” to England each year.
In order to meet this demand, the colonies needed more field laborers, this would result in the headright system being created.
Travel to the colonies began to increase greatly.

26. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Plantation owners also used indentured servants to work in the fields. These individuals would have their passage to the New World paid for but would be committed to working for 4–7 years.

27. An English Settlement at Jamestown
The colonists at Jamestown did not forget what the Powhatan Native Americans had done during the “starving times”.
As soon as they to regained their strength, fighting began between the two groups. Settlers set villages on fire and also kidnapped Powhatan children.
Powhatan raiding parties answered back by attacking colonial villages up and down the James river, killing more than 340 people.

28. An English Settlement at Jamestown

29. An English Settlement at Jamestown
These raids would be so deadly that King James I would revoke the Virginia Company’s charter and he would take direct control.
Jamestown was now a royal colony, because it answered directly to the King.
More troops and colonists would be sent and by 1644, nearly 10,000 English men and women lived in Virginia.

30. An English Settlement at Jamestown
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, raised an army to fight Native Americans on the frontiers of the Virginia.
This army was primarily made up of landless debtors who were tired of the differences in wealth between the upper and lower classes.
The Governor of Virginia called this army “illegal” and Bacon’s Army began to march to Jamestown to air their grievances.

31. An English Settlement at Jamestown
The march turned violent as rebels began to burn Jamestown and many of the wealthy landowners fled on their ships.
Bacon would die shortly afterward and the leaderless rebels would be easily defeated.
Causes that led to this Bacon’s Rebellion:
Poor Settlers Felt Oppressed By the Governor of Virginia
High Taxes
No Protection Provided Against Native Americans for Frontier Settlers
Lack of Representation in Government

32. Chapter 2, Section 3
Puritan New England

33. Puritan New England
The Puritans were a group of English Church Members who wanted to “purify” or reform the Church of England.
They planned to create a “holy” community in New England that was based upon their religious beliefs.
The first Puritans that would arrive in New England would settle at Jamestown.

34. Puritan New England
The Pilgrims wanted to not just reform the Catholic Church, but completely erase all aspects of Catholicism from the Church of England.
This group would be persecuted for their beliefs by the Church in England and would end up having to leave in order to continue to practice their beliefs.
In 1620, this group of Pilgrims would found the Plymouth Colony, the second permanent English colony in North America.

35. Puritan New England Religious Group Settlement
Reason For Leaving England
Puritans
Jamestown
Wanted to Reform the Church of England
Pilgrims
Plymouth Colony
Persecuted in England because of their Beliefs

36. Puritan New England
The Massachusetts Bay Colony would be set up by another group of Puritans who felt that the Church of England needed reforming.
John Winthrop led this colony and developed the methods of getting the colony paid for. He gathered together with some other wealthy individuals to create a joint-stock company.
Winthrop later moved the headquarters of his newly created “company” to the New World so that they could create their own independent government.

37. Puritan New England
The port town of Boston would become the capital for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Large numbers of settlers began flocking to this colony and it grew in size very rapidly.
The Plymouth Colony would eventually be made a permanent part of The Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Winthrop – “City Upon a Hill”

38. Puritan New England Politics in the Puritan Colony:
All adult males who were Puritan could vote, “freemen”
General Court selected the Governor
Drunkenness, Theft, Cursing are Outlawed
Children could be placed in more “God-fearing” homes
The government could step in and force you to have marriage counseling

39. Puritan New England

40. Colony They Would Create/Move To
Puritan New England
Opponent
Beliefs
Colony They Would Create/Move To
Roger Williams
Had to buy land from Native Americans
Every person should be able to worship as they please
Providence, RI
Anne Hutchinson
Puritans do not need church or priests to worship
Religious Tolerance
New York

41. Puritan New England The Pequot War (1637) Location: Connecticut
The Pequot Native American tribe decided to take a stand against the colonists who were infringing on more and more of their land.
This conflict would nearly completely destroy the entire Pequot Nation.
The war ended when nearly 600 Pequot men, women and children were massacred by the settlers outside of a fort.

42. Puritan New England

43. Puritan New England King Philip’s War (1675)
Location: New England Territories
Wampanoag Chief, Metacom, whom the settlers called King Philip no longer wanted to live under English laws.
He organized several tribes together to make a stand against the colonists.
His fighters used hit and run tactics in which they would quickly attack and burn English settlements.

44. Puritan New England King Philip’s War
It was a brutal conflict in which both sides were ruthless to one another.
Eventually, the colonists would outlast the Native Americans and defeat them.
3 Factors helped the Colonists:
Food Shortages
Disease
Heavy Casualties
Metacom would eventually be killed and his head would be displayed at the Plymouth Colony for nearly 20 years.
Both sides of the conflict had a large number of casualties.

45. Settlement of the Middle Colonies
New Netherlands
(New York)
Pennsylvania
1625
Year Settled
1660s
Netherlands (Dutch)
Mother Country
England
Henry Hudson
Founder
William Penn
Friendly with not as much conflict as English settlers
Relationship with Native Americans
Treated them fairly. No conflicts for 50 years.
Dutch, German, French, Jews, Africans
Population
Quakers, Germans
Fur Trading
Businesses
Farmers, Builders, Traders