1. Vitamin and Mineral Notes
Nutrients
That
Regulate

2. Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds essential for life, needed in small amounts to regulate body processes.

3. Vitamin functions They assist in releasing energy from food
They assist in tissue maintenance
They assist normal digestion
They assist in infection resistance

4. Vitamin Facts They have no calories (cannot be used for energy)
Vitamins were named as they were discovered (alphabetically)
A compound must be essential to life to humans in order to be classed as a vitamin

5. Vitamin Facts There are 13 known vitamins
It’s possible that all vitamins have not been discovered
*There are two classifications of vitamins; fat soluble and water soluble

6. Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
Non-Soluble (broken down and stored) in fat (more difficult to dissolve)
Easily stored in body, can use emergency reserves if low.
Greater potential for toxicity if consumed in large quantities.
VITAMINS A, D, E, K

7. Characteristics of water soluble vitamins
Soluble.. Easily dissolved by water.
Not readily stored
Excesses of vitamin are excreted in urine.
VITAMINS C & B(riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, panothenic acid, folic acid, B-12,and B-6)

8. Characteristics of water soluble vitamins Cont.
Less potential for toxicity (too much) since the levels don’t build up in the body.
More likely to see deficiencies in these vitamins (too little)
Must be consumed daily.

9. Pro-vitamins
Compounds that are not vitamins but are converted into vitamins once consumed.
Example= Beta carotene becomes Vitamin A

10. Vitamin A
Blindness in children,
Night Blindness,
Dry, scaly skin

11. Rickets Osteomalacia Vitamin D Deficiency
Without Vitamin D the bones cannot absorb Calcium
Rickets
Osteomalacia

12. Rickets

13. Thiamin Deficiency – Beri Beri(B1 Deficiency)
Weakness/Nerve damage
Shaking and trembling
Can be caused by severe alcoholism (malabsorption)

14. Niacin Deficiency- B3 The four D’s Dry, flaky skin Dermatitis Dementia
Death
Symptoms=
Poor appetite, weight loss and weakness

15. Vitamin C Deficiency- Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency is seen in diets low in fruits and vegetables.
Symptoms include:
Tiredness and weakness
Bleeding gums
Burst blood vessels

16. Scurvy

17. Folic Acid- Deficiency (Spina Bifida)
Folic acid is found in green, leafy vegetables . Folate helps to synthesize DNA . A lack o folate is associated with neural tube birth defects like spina bifida

18. Spina Bifida

19. A
B GROUP
B12 C D E K
Sight, bone & teeth health, growth & tissue repair
Energy, Metabolism, cell growth, & nervous system
Nerve formation & cell production
Antioxidant, immune system health
Need to use calcium, healthy bones & teeth
Tissue building, skin health, fight against disease
Energy, fight infection, blood clotting, healthy bones

20. Minerals
Mineral are inorganic elements needed in tiny amounts to regulate body processes.

21. Mineral functions To build bones & components of the body structure
To make horomones in the body
Regulate acid-base balance in cells
Regulate fluid balance in the body
Assist in many chemical reactions
Promote nerve function and muscle contractions
To regulate your heartbeat

22. Mineral Facts They have no calories (cannot be used for energy)
They are inorganic
Found on the periodic table of elements
There are two classifications of minerals: Macro and Micro minerals
Macro-minerals or Major minerals are needed in larger amounts (100 or more milligrams)
Micro-minerals or trace minerals are needed in minute amounts (less than 100 milligrams)

23. Macro-minerals
Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Sulfur
Potassium
Chlorine

24. Micro-minerals
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Copper
Chromium
Manganese

25. Mineral Deficiencies
Inadequate diet can lead to mineral deficiency, or at least to insufficient minerals. Some of the more common deficiencies are: iron deficiency, iodine deficiency, and calcium deficiency.

26. Iron Deficiency (Anemia)
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. Without enough iron, the body produces fewer and smaller red blood cells. As a result, less hemoglobin is available, and your body’s cells do not get enough oxygen.

27. Iodine Deficiency
Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland for healthy functioning. Lack of iodine can lead to goiter, a swollen neck due to a swollen thyroid gland. However, iodine deficiency is much less common in industrialized nations due to the addition of iodine to table salt.

28. Goiters
These are extreme examples of goiter’s. Most will be small and barely seen, but felt in the neck.

29. Goiters

30. Calcium Deficiency
A deficiency of the mineral calcium in the diet. Calcium is essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth but the body also uses calcium in other parts of the body such as in nerve and muscle functioning and blood clotting. Insufficient calcium can lead to osteoporosis in the elderly as well as a number of other conditions.

31. Osteoporosis

32. Osteoporosis

33. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Caused by too much sodium coupled with and a high fat (saturated fat) high cholesterol diet

34. Mineral Value of Food
Mineral content of plant sources depends on soil, water, etc. Most minerals in grains are located in the outer layers of the grain kernel. Processing foods tends to decrease the mineral value of food.
The most concentrated food sources of minerals are meat, fish & poultry.

35. Factors Affecting Mineral Absorption
You only absorb about ½ of the minerals you actually consume.
Unabsorbed minerals are excreted with body waste.
An excess of some minerals can hinder absorption of others. Ex. Excess Zinc can hinder Iron & Copper.

36. Some vitamins can promote absorption. Ex
Some vitamins can promote absorption. Ex. Vitamin D helps with Calcium absorption.
Drugs & caffeine also affect the availability of minerals.
You need more minerals during pregnancy & growth spurts.