1. English 1
Phsycology
1PA

2. part of speech, word order

3. Part of speech Noun: Thomas, shoe, birthday, etc.
Pronoun: I, it, she, we, mine, theirs, etc.
Verb: run, write, etc.
Adverb: usually, excitedly, etc.
Adjective: beautiful, four, yellow, etc.
Conjunction: and, but, for, etc.
Preposition: in, at, under, during, except etc.
Interjection: ouch, hurray, oops, etc.

4. Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being discussed, described, or dealt with.
Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression
Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure used to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.

5. Subject Noun (phrase) or pronoun
The tiny cat jumped outside our house.
A gerund (phrase)
Her excessive bragging was annoying.
A to-infinitive (phrase)
To sing is easier than to act.
A full that-clause
That he had won the war was known to everyone.
A free relative clause
Wherever he went was always a disaster.
A direct quotation
I love you is often heard these days.
Zero (but implied) subject
Open the door!
An expletive it
It is raining.
A cataphor it
It was known by everyone that he had won the war.

6. Examples Tress grow She opened her book
Subject         Verb
She            opened        her book
Subject           Verb        Complement
Henry and Marcia    have visited     the president
Subject                 Verb Phrase        Complement
George       is cooking          dinner                 tonight
Subject       Verb Phrase     Complement       Modifier of Time
She        opened      a checking account      at the bank             last week
Subject      Verb             Complement          Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time

7. preposition, verb 123

8. Preposition
Commonly used to link parts of a sentence(noun, pronoun or phrase) to another word.
Prepositions of time
In, on, at, by, for, to, from, until, since, during, etc.
Prepositions of place
In, on, at, by, for, to, from, above, over, below, out of, etc.
Can also be used for idiomatic expression:
In no time at all
From time to time

9. Preposition In: On: At: From: By: Inside Month/year
General time (morning, past)
On:
Day/date
Vehicle
Situation of a building
At:
Specific time
Specific place / address
From:
It is generally means the opposite of to. For example: He came from/to Miami.
Indicate length. From(a time/place) to (a time/place).
By:
To go past a place
Near a place
Mode of travel
before

10. Exercise Make a sentence for each function of the prepositions!
In:
Inside
Month/year
General time (morning, past)
On:
Day/date
Vehicle
Situation of a building
At:
Specific time
Specific place / address
From:
It is generally means the opposite of to. For example: He came from/to Miami.
Indicate length. From(a time/place) to (a time/place).
By:
To go past a place
Near a place/an object
Mode of travel
before

11. Present
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V-ing
Subject + V1

12. Present Subject + have been Subject + have + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)

13. Past
Subject + was/were + V-ing
Subject + V2

14. Past Subject + had been Subject + had + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)

15. Future Subject + will / be going to + V1
Subject + will / (aux) going to + be + V-ing

16. Future
Subject
+ will have been
+ V-ing
Subject + will have
+ V3

17. Will or be going to?
Prediction
According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself!
Prior plan
Willingness
A: The phone’s ringing. B: I’ll get it A: I don’t understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you.
A: Why did you buy this paint?
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.

18. Write the second and third verb form!
Verb 2, Verb 3
Aim
Bet
Blow
Forgive
Hit
Ring
Speak
Swear
Throw
Unite
Aimed, aimed
Bet, bet
Blew, blown
Forgave, forgiven
Hit, hit
Rang, rung
Spoke, spoken
Swore, sworn
Threw, thrown
United, united

19. Exercise
Diane (sketch)_______ her dress designs every other day or so.
She (try)_________ her best to concentrate.
Kathy (sit, usually)____________in the front row during class.
(lock,you,always)_______________________ the door to your house when you leave?
She (blush)________ when he compliment her.

20. Exercise Use either the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST CONTINUOUS of the verbs in the parentheses.
I (hear,not)___________ the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep)__________.
My sisters (argue)__________ about something when I (walk)_________ into the room.
Stanley (climb)_________ the stairs when he (trip)_________ and (fall)_________. Luckily, he (hurt, not)__________ himself.
While Mrs. Emerson (read)_________ the little boy a story, he (fall)________asleep, so she (close)________ the book and quietly (tiptoe) ________ out of the room.

21. adjective & adverb

22. Adjectives Used to modify/describe nouns.
Miriam is an intelligent student.
The children saw some beautiful pictures.
Grandma loves her fat old cat.
An adjective is neither singular nor plural.
Final –s is never added.

23. Adjectives Number is an adjective She has two cars.
This is a five-star hotel.
Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.

24. Adverbs
Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence and to express time or frequency.
To modify verbs:
He walks quickly.
She opened the door quietly.

25. Adverbs To modify adjectives: I am very happy. She is quite elegant.
To modify other adverbs
The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend.
Adverbs of manner

26. Adverbs To modify the whole sentence Usually, Tom is never late.
Bridgett is always on time.
Ann will come tomorrow.
Let’s go outside
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place

27. Adverbs commonly have a form of adjective + ly Some do not adjective
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
horrible
horribly
easy
easily
electronic
electronically
adjective
adverb
good
well
fast
hard

28. Exercise 1
George is a (careless, carelessly) writer. He writes (careless, carelessly).
Frank asked me an (easy, easily) question. I answered it (easy, easily).
Ali speaks English very (good, well). He has a very (good, well) pronunciation.
Hannah dance (beautiful, beautifully). She is a (beautiful, beautifully) dancer.
Hugh sneaks in (quiet, quietly). The house he is in is very (quiet, quietly).

29. Exercise 2 Which is the adverb or adjective?
I find this case unusual.
He was nervous about it.
I found the money easily.
We became thirsty.
He suddenly became suspicious.
He gets tired very quickly.

30. The end of lecture 1