1. Cellular Respiration

2. Adenosine Triphosphate
Universal energy carrier of the cell
Active transport
Reproduction
Movement
Muscle contractions
Protein synthesis
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + Energy
Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

3. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Primarily in mitochondria
Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP
Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

4. Glycolysis Start: Glucose (6C) in cytoplasm 2ATP energizes the glucose
Phosphate breaks from ATP
Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C)
Finish:
Two pyruvates
4 ATPs
NADH (H taxi)

5. Glycolysis Summary

6. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Step 1: Pyruvate broken down
Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2
More NADH created

7. Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 Acetic acid Acetic acid
NADH
NADH C C C
CO2 C C C
CO2
NAD
NAD
Acetic acid
Acetic acid

8. Step 2: Coenzyme A
Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)

9. Acetyl CoA Acetic acid Acetyl CoA Acetic acid
CoEnzyme A
CoEnzyme A
CoEnzyme A
CoEnzyme A

10. Step 3: Citric Acid formed
Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle)
Citric Acid (6C) created

11. Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Citric Acid
CoEnzyme A
CoEnzyme A

12. Step 4: Citric Acid broken down
Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule
CO2 waste created
More NADH created

13. Citric acid Citric acid 5C molecule 5C molecule NADH NADH C CO2 C C C

14. Step 5: 5C molecule broken down
5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule
CO2 waste created
More NADH created
ATP created

15. 5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule NADH ATP NADH ATP C
CO2 C C
CO2 C
NAD
NAD
ADP
ADP

16. Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged
Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule
More NADH, FADH2 created
4C molecule restarts the Kreb’s cycle when bonded with Acetyl-CoA

17. 4C molecule 4C molecule NADH FADH2 FADH2 NADH C C C C C C C C C C NAD

18. Citric acid Citric acid
4C molecule
4C molecule
Citric acid
Citric acid C C C C
CoEnzyme A
CoEnzyme A

19. Kreb’s Summary 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create:
6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2

20. Electron Transport Chain
Step 1: Electrons removed
Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

21. Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported
Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria
H+ ions accumulate

22. H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
Step 3: ATP produced
H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi
34 ATP created
ATP

24. Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste
Step 4: Water created
Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste

25. Your essay question on the next test!
Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles, after eating a green leaf salad.

26. Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish.
A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart
B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A
C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm
D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane
E) Citric acid created
F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase
G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules

27. Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish.
G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules
C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm
B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A
E) Citric acid created
A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart
D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane
F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase