1. The new literatures in English
The main distiction in the consideration of the literature of the countries which were formerly part of the British Empire is historical and linguistic between the:
settler colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) where English is the national language spoken by a population mostly of European origin
Invaded colonies (India, Nigeria and West Africa) where English had been enforced on the local populations

2. The new literatures in English
In both cases (D.E.S.Maxwell, Landscape and Theme, 1965) there occurred
a separation between place and language, in the first case as imported in an alien environment, in the second the postcolonial writer would write in an alien language, an acquired and imposed language.

3. The new literatures in English
Other specific conditions were those of South Africa (both white and black writers) and the West Indies where English had been enforced first on African slaves and then on Indian Indentured labourers and where the native languages had been erased….

4. The new literatures in English: the choice of English
the differences between the literatures of settler and invaded colonies were important regarding the use of
Language (in s.c.their own native language, creation of a national literature and its canon)

5. The new literatures in English: the choice of English
In I.C. an historically imposed language is chosen and appropriated, revitalized and reinvented by writers (see Salman Rushdie’s style, for ex.)

6. The new literatures in English: differences/connections/continuity
There are also important thematic differences between national literatures in “postcolonial” literatures in English
But also unifying traits, themes and recurring structuring patterns, among which

7. The new literatures in English: recurring themes and tropes
The paramount theme of IDENTITY
EXILE, DISPLACEMENT (geographical, cultural, social, linguistic)
RACIALIDENTITY AND CONFLICTS
MIGRANCY, DIFFERENCE, ALIENATION
ROOTEDNESS, UN/BELONGING

8. The new literatures in English: recurring themes and tropes
EXILE as the unifying, crucial dimension/experience at the centre of postcolonial literatures….
different stages:
Decolonisation (“decolonising the mind, Ngugi Wa’ Thiongo…)
The search for an independent identity
imagining the nation (nation building through literature and culture)”imagined communities” (B.Anderson)

9. The new literatures in English: recurring themes and tropes
EXILE as the pivotal, unifying, crucial dimension/experience at the centre of postcolonial literatures….
different stages:
Decolonisation (“decolonising the mind, Ngugi Wa’ Thiongo…)
The search for an independent identity
imagining the nation (nation building through literature and culture)

10. The new literatures in English: recurring themes and tropes
The sense of and relationship with history:
Roots, displaced and forgotten histories
History/herstory/histories: retrieval and memorythe importance of retrieved collective memory/ies (slavery, exile, diaspora)
The definining category is the relationship with the imperial power, the imperial history of the nation
After centuries of colonial and imperial cultural dominance, the Empire began to write back…

11. The new literatures in English: recurring themes and tropes
The sense of and relationship with history:
Roots, displaced and forgotten histories
History/herstory/histories: retrieval and memory
The definining category is the relationship with the imperial power, the imperial history of the nation
After centuries of colonial and imperial cultural dominance, the Empire began to write back…

12. Postcolonialism: literature and theory
1989 B.Ashcroft, G.Griffiths, H.Tiffin: The Empire Writes Back. A seminal text that influenced the growing body of criticism of Postcolonialism
Overall, the use and enrichment of English as the literary language and the awareness of a cultural and national specificity is the defining trait of many diverse literary productions that have cropped over the past 50 years…

13. Introducing Postcolonial literature: the role of literature
To understand why so many “postcolonial writers” wanted to appropriate and rewrite the English canon (the most important literary texts of British literature), one has to remember that:
In the British Empire the study of English literature had become the source of moral values and held an almost religious value and function
It became the study of models of moral worth
English literature became a synonym of morality and civilization

14. Introducing Postcolonial literature
Orientalism created a hierarchy between a civilised, cultured West, and an ignorant, savage East which should acknowledge Western supremacy
Education was aimed not only at the intellectual advancement of the colonised countries but to consolidate power
This was judged and presented as morally legitimated by moral and educational purposes
And Culture – and LITERATURE!!!! – played a crucial role in this process

15. Edward Said in Orientalism (1987) and Culture and Imperialism (1989) argued that Western culture was essential to the achievement of Imperialism
This concern with the relationship between culture and power is the dominant feature of postcolonialism,which has broadened into a disciplinary sub-field in its own right