1. OVERVIEW OF THE FUTURE TRENDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
N-7491 Trondheim – NORWAY
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

2. DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

3. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF WATER WITHDRAWAL
IN THE WORLD
WATER USE
CHARACTERISTICS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

4. MANY REGIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE WITHOUT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

5. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE MEGACITIES CHALLENGE
Many megacities do not treat their wastewater or they treat by primary treatment only
Mexico City
Many of these cities are
situated by the ocean
They have little space for
treatment plants
They are in need for a
affordable secondary
treatment concept
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

6. EUTROPHICATION AND LACK OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL IN MANY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
There is still a huge
market for P- and N-removal
in many developed countries: UK
Eastern Europe US
Japan
Australia
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

7. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
REUSE OF THE TREATED WATER
In most regions of the world the use of water has been :
Supply driven Price of water low
In the future water use in many regions will be :
Demand driven Price of water will increase
Extensive treatment of wastewater cost effective
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

8. RESOURCES IN WASTEWATER WILL HAVE TO
BE UTILISED
Agricultural reuse - irrigation
Urban reuse
Industrial reuse
Potable water reuse
1. The water itself
2. The constituents
in the wastewater
3. The heat of the
wastewater
Nutrients (C,N,P)
Carbon for energy production
(biogas, biofuel)
Metals for reuse (Al, Fe)
Energy for heating/cooling
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

9. SELECTION OF FUTURE TREATMENT PROCESSES
MUST BE BASED ON
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
RECEIVING WATER CHARACTERISTICS
TREATMENT EFFICIENCY
COST
SLUDGE PRODUCTION
POTENTIAL USE OF UTILISING THE RESOURCES
IN THE WASTEWATER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

10. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
FACTORS THAT HAVE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
TREATMENT EFFICIENCY
Focus today :
Oxygen consuming matter (BOD/COD and NH4-N) and nutrients (P and N)
Focus in the future :
Microbial contaminants (helminth eggs, parasitic protozoa, bacteria,virus )
Micropollutants (heavy metals as well as organic MPs)
COST
Cost is very much linked to space requirement – especially in the big cities
Compact treatment alternatives will be asked for in many cases
Biofilm systems may replace activated sludge systems
High rate separation techniques may replace settling tanks
SLUDGE PRODUCTION
Disposal of sludge : Increasingly higher portion of total cost
Methods are looked for that minimize sludge production and that utilize the
resources of the sludge
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

11. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

12. SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
STRATEGIES TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
The role of particles
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

13. SIZE OF ORGANIC PARTICLES IN WASTEWATER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

14. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN WASTEWATER ACCORDING TO SIZE
After Balmat (1957), Heukelekian and Balmat (1959), Richert and Hunter (1971)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

15. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM SCANDINAVIAN WWT PLANTS
Fraction of suspended COD and BOD
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

16. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM SCANDINAVIAN WWT PLANTS
Fraction of N and P on suspended form
Generally : Plants with high fraction of soluble COD has
low fraction of particulate N and P assimilation in sewers
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

17. THE ASSOCIATION OF OTHER POLLUTANTS
TO PARTICLES
Heavy metals (example from a wastewater treatment plant)
Virus : 0,01 - 0,1 µm % adsorbed to particles
Bacteria and 0, µm
Parasitic protozoa : µm (Cryptospiridium: 4-6 µm)
Helminth eggs : µm (Ascaris, Taenia)
Organic micropollutants : Very high affinity to particles
% of PCB and PAH associated to particles
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

18. SUMMARY ON CONSEQUENCE OF WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
A very substantial reduction of all pollutants can very
efficiently be removed by removing particles and colloids
The rate at which proceeding biological processes will
perform, will increase by removal of particles and colloids
IT IS VERY LOGICAL TO ENHANCE PRIMARY TREATMENT
for instance by pre-coagulation or by coarse filtration
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

19. MY BASIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT PHILOSOPHY :
Take out the particles first
Then deal with the solubles
Enhanced
primary
Removal of
solubles
Make use of
the concentrate
Carbon source
Organic
concentrate
Biogas
Utilize the resources
from the concentrate
Nutrients
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

20. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
WHAT IS ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT ?
TODAY
Enhanced primary settling
Cogulant aided
Primary precipitation
TOMORROW
Coarse primary filtration
Coagulant aided
VERY SOON AFTER TOMORROW
Membrane filtration
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

21. AVERAGE TREATMENT RESULTS IN NORWEGIAN PRIMARY PRECIPITATION PLANTS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

22. TRADITIONAL PRIMARY PRECIPITATION
DOWNSIDE OF
TRADITIONAL PRIMARY PRECIPITATION
LARGE SLUDGE PRODUCTION
SP = SSin - SSout + Kprec * D
SP = sludge production (g SS/m3)
Kprec = sludge production coeff. (g SS/g Me)(Fe~4, Al~6)
D = dose ofmetal coagulant (g Me/m3)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

23. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
SLUDGE PRODUCTION CAN BE REDUCED BY USE OF POLYMER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

24. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT
BY COARSE MEDIA FILTRATION
Pilot plant
Plastic filter media
L: light –polyethylene, 0,95 g/cm3
H: Heavy – PVC, 1,45 g/cm3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

25. ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT
Comparison of single media filters: K1L and K2L filters
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

26. FAVORABLE COMBINATIONS
OF TREATMENT SYSTEMS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

27. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
COMPACT SECONDARY TREATMENT ?
You have taken out must of the particulate BOD and a relatively
small amount of low MW, easily biodegradable, soluble BOD is left
High-rate sedimentation
Flotation
Sand filtration
Membrane filtration
Residence time:
15–30 min min
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

28. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE MOVING BED REACTOR
Aerobic reactor
Anaerobic/anoxic reactor
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

29. THE KALDNES MOVING BED BIOFILM PROCESS
Aerated MBBR
Carrier under water
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

30. SOLUBLE COD REMOVAL RATE VERSUS SOLUBLE COD LOADING RATE
Period 1 and 2
Period 3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard