1. OVERVIEW OF THE FUTURE TRENDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
N-7491 Trondheim – NORWAY
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

2. DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

3. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF WATER WITHDRAWAL
IN THE WORLD
WATER USE
CHARACTERISTICS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

4. MANY REGIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE WITHOUT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

5. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE MEGACITIES CHALLENGE
Many megacities do not treat their wastewater or they treat by primary treatment only
Mexico City
Many of these cities are
situated by the ocean
They have little space for
treatment plants
They are in need for a
affordable secondary
treatment concept
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

6. EUTROPHICATION AND LACK OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL IN MANY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
There is still a huge
market for P- and N-removal
in many developed countries: UK
Eastern Europe US
Japan
Australia
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

7. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
REUSE OF THE TREATED WATER
In most regions of the world the use of water has been :
Supply driven Price of water low
In the future water use in many regions will be :
Demand driven Price of water will increase
Extensive treatment of wastewater cost effective
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

8. RESOURCES IN WASTEWATER WILL HAVE TO
BE UTILISED
Agricultural reuse - irrigation
Urban reuse
Industrial reuse
Potable water reuse
1. The water itself
2. The constituents
in the wastewater
3. The heat of the
wastewater
Nutrients (C,N,P)
Carbon for energy production
(biogas, biofuel)
Metals for reuse (Al, Fe)
Energy for heating/cooling
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

9. SELECTION OF FUTURE TREATMENT PROCESSES
MUST BE BASED ON
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
RECEIVING WATER CHARACTERISTICS
TREATMENT EFFICIENCY
COST
SLUDGE PRODUCTION
POTENTIAL USE OF UTILISING THE RESOURCES
IN THE WASTEWATER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

10. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
FACTORS THAT HAVE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
TREATMENT EFFICIENCY
Focus today :
Oxygen consuming matter (BOD/COD and NH4-N) and nutrients (P and N)
Focus in the future :
Microbial contaminants (helminth eggs, parasitic protozoa, bacteria,virus )
Micropollutants (heavy metals as well as organic MPs)
COST
Cost is very much linked to space requirement – especially in the big cities
Compact treatment alternatives will be asked for in many cases
Biofilm systems may replace activated sludge systems
High rate separation techniques may replace settling tanks
SLUDGE PRODUCTION
Disposal of sludge : Increasingly higher portion of total cost
Methods are looked for that minimize sludge production and that utilize the
resources of the sludge
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

11. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

12. SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
STRATEGIES TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
The role of particles
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

13. SIZE OF ORGANIC PARTICLES IN WASTEWATER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

14. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN WASTEWATER ACCORDING TO SIZE
After Balmat (1957), Heukelekian and Balmat (1959), Richert and Hunter (1971)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

15. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM SCANDINAVIAN WWT PLANTS
Fraction of suspended COD and BOD
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

16. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM SCANDINAVIAN WWT PLANTS
Fraction of N and P on suspended form
Generally : Plants with high fraction of soluble COD has
low fraction of particulate N and P assimilation in sewers
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

17. THE ASSOCIATION OF OTHER POLLUTANTS
TO PARTICLES
Heavy metals (example from a wastewater treatment plant)
Virus : 0,01 - 0,1 µm % adsorbed to particles
Bacteria and 0, µm
Parasitic protozoa : µm (Cryptospiridium: 4-6 µm)
Helminth eggs : µm (Ascaris, Taenia)
Organic micropollutants : Very high affinity to particles
% of PCB and PAH associated to particles
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

18. SUMMARY ON CONSEQUENCE OF WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
A very substantial reduction of all pollutants can very
efficiently be removed by removing particles and colloids
The rate at which proceeding biological processes will
perform, will increase by removal of particles and colloids
IT IS VERY LOGICAL TO ENHANCE PRIMARY TREATMENT
for instance by pre-coagulation or by coarse filtration
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

19. MY BASIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT PHILOSOPHY :
Take out the particles first
Then deal with the solubles
Enhanced
primary
Removal of
solubles
Make use of
the concentrate
Carbon source
Organic
concentrate
Biogas
Utilize the resources
from the concentrate
Nutrients
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

20. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
WHAT IS ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT ?
TODAY
Enhanced primary settling
Cogulant aided
Primary precipitation
TOMORROW
Coarse primary filtration
Coagulant aided
VERY SOON AFTER TOMORROW
Membrane filtration
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

21. AVERAGE TREATMENT RESULTS IN NORWEGIAN PRIMARY PRECIPITATION PLANTS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

22. TRADITIONAL PRIMARY PRECIPITATION
DOWNSIDE OF
TRADITIONAL PRIMARY PRECIPITATION
LARGE SLUDGE PRODUCTION
SP = SSin - SSout + Kprec * D
SP = sludge production (g SS/m3)
Kprec = sludge production coeff. (g SS/g Me)(Fe~4, Al~6)
D = dose ofmetal coagulant (g Me/m3)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

23. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
SLUDGE PRODUCTION CAN BE REDUCED BY USE OF POLYMER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

24. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT
BY COARSE MEDIA FILTRATION
Pilot plant
Plastic filter media
L: light –polyethylene, 0,95 g/cm3
H: Heavy – PVC, 1,45 g/cm3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

25. ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT
Comparison of single media filters: K1L and K2L filters
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

26. FAVORABLE COMBINATIONS
OF TREATMENT SYSTEMS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

27. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
COMPACT SECONDARY TREATMENT ?
You have taken out must of the particulate BOD and a relatively
small amount of low MW, easily biodegradable, soluble BOD is left
High-rate sedimentation
Flotation
Sand filtration
Membrane filtration
Residence time:
15–30 min min
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

28. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE MOVING BED REACTOR
Aerobic reactor
Anaerobic/anoxic reactor
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

29. THE KALDNES MOVING BED BIOFILM PROCESS
Aerated MBBR
Carrier under water
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

30. SOLUBLE COD REMOVAL RATE VERSUS SOLUBLE COD LOADING RATE
Period 1 and 2
Period 3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

31. “OBTAINABLE” COD REMOVAL RATE VERSUS
TOTAL COD LOADING RATE
”Obtainable" COD removal rate : (CODinfluent-SCODeffluent)*Q/A
Period 1 and 2
Period 3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

32. RESULTS SETTLING EXPERIMENTS
Influence of organic loading
rate in bioreactor on settleability
Influence of polymer
addition on settleability
Medium charge, high MW cationic polymer
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

33. SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESS
A HIGH RATE
SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

34. SSEFFL VERSUS ME-DOSE AND POLYMER DOSE
PolyDADMAC
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

35. PARTICULATE COD FRACTIONS IN RAW AND FLOTATED WATER
WITH DIFFERENT POLYDADMAC DOSAGES
AND 0.2 MMOL FE/L .
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

36. LAMELLA FLOTATION UNIT
HIGH RATE FLOTATION UNITS
LAMELLA FLOTATION UNIT
20-25 m/h
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

37. MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR WW TREATMENT
Membrane bioreactors are being
taken into use, mainly based on
low-loaded activated sludge systems
Activated sludge membrane bioreactors has the ability to overcome the inherent
weaknesses of AS
(large volume, poor settling)
But there are still many challenges:
Energy consumption
Pre-treatment
Cost
Membrane biofilm reactors will be developed that may have higher fluxes, less cake formation and simpler membrane cleaning
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

38. NEW TYPES OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE MODULES WILL BE DEVELOPED
Permeate
Concentrate
SEM of membrane:
Feed
Sintered metal membrane
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

39. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
WHAT ABOUT
NITROGEN
REMOVAL ?
The principal nutrient
removal strategies
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

40. CALCULATED BIODEGRADABLE, SOLUBLE COD
(BSCOD) CONCENTRATION VS TOTAL COD
IN SOME SCANDINAVIAN PLANTS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

41. PROCESSES TAKING PLACE
IN THE SEWER SYSTEM
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

42. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
GARDERMOEN WWTP
(Bioreactor HRT: 3 hrs)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

43. PRE-COAGULATION/COMBINED DENITRIFICATION
WITH INTERNALLY MADE CARBON SOURCE
PRODUCED FROM SLUDGE BY THERMAL HYDROLYSIS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

44. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Cost/benefit analyses for different methods
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

45. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Energy/benefit evaluation for different methods
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

46. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS
Two schools :
1. The present centralized system should be replaced by alternative systems based on local handling
2. The present centralized system is the only realistic one, but it should be modified to be in agree-
ment with sustainable development
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

47. IN SMALL DECENTRALISED CYCLES
SOURCE SEPARATION
IN SMALL DECENTRALISED CYCLES
New equipment may be needed
Example: Urine-separating toilets
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

48. NATURE-BASED (low-tech) PROCESS-BASED (high-tech)
HIGH-TECH OR LOW-TECH LOCAL WWTP SOLUTIONS ?
NATURE-BASED (low-tech)
SOLUTIONS
PROCESS-BASED (high-tech)
SOLUTIONS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

49. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
NATURE-BASED (LOW-TECH)
Ponds
Contructed wetlands
Infiltration systems
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

50. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
PROCESS-BASED (HIGH-TECH) SYSTEMS
Japanese Johkasou
Norwegian SBR-plant
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

51. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER FOR URBAN REUSE
Reclaimed wastewater for
toilet flushing in dual systems
Reclaimed wastewater for
landscaping (lakes, brooks, wetlands)
Two approaches:
citywide system
small scale local systems
Great demand for acceptable water
Extraction from potable water
source too expensive-not sustainable
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

52. THE TWO OUTGOING STREAMS FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The wastewater
Water itself
Nutrients
Heat
The wastewater sludge
Nutrients
Energy potential
Biogas and Biofuel
Metals (coagulants)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

53. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
FINAL SLUDGE DISPOSAL OPTIONS
DEPOSITION/CONTAINMENT
On land – landfills – phasing out
In the ocean – phased out
Incineration ash deposition
RECYCLING (”PRODUCTIFICATION”)
Production of ”bio-soils”
Recovery of phosphate
Recovery of energy
USE ON LAND
Direct use on farmland as fertilizer/soil conditioner
Use of ”bio-solis” (constructed soils) on green areas
Quantity and disposal of communal sludge in EU (in 1000 tons of dry solids)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

54. USE OF “BIO-SOILS” ON “GREENS”
THE ”USE ON LAND” STRATEGIES
DIRECT USE ON FARMLAND
USE OF “BIO-SOILS” ON “GREENS”
The most commonly used and
probably the most sustainable
sludge resource recycling option !
But : Under considerable threat !
Bio-soils: Mixture of treated sludge,
filling materials (sand, clay, bark etc)
and nutrients (N,P,K)
Primarily used on green areas (parks,
sporting fields, gardens, green houses)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

55. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR DIRECT USE ON LAND
HYGIENIZATION –
to prevent infection of people
and animals
STABILISATION –
to prevent odour
DEWATERING –
to ease the spreading of sludge
on farmland
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

56. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
RECYCLE/PRODUCTIFICATION STRATEGIES
The market place
Internal
loops
Sludge
”factory”
Local recycling
Centralized recycling
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

57. THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THE PRODUCTS
THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THE PRODUCTS
Only bio-soils, electricity, phosphate and heat seem to have a potential
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

58. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM USE OF ”BIO-SOILS” IN TRONDHEIM
Graveyard
Topsoil
Ski-jump
Turfroof
Gardens
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

59. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
ENERGY MANAGEMENT AT RYA
District heating
Treated water 6-7oC colder
Heat power engine for
el-production
Boiler for
heat product.
Biogas for
car-fuel
Treated
waste
water
Heat pump plant
Gas storage
Waste
water
sludge
Bio-soil
Biogas plant w/heat exchanger
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

60. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Heat from incineration
Heat value of raw sludge : 14 MJ/kgDS (3,85 kWh/kgDS)
----”---- digested sludge : 12 MJ/kgDS (3,30 kWh/kgDS)
The biogas potential should be taken out before incineration
The energy needed for evaporation of the water is balanced by the energy produced by incineration at a sludge DS of about 25 %.
Higher DS gives a net heat amount
Typical process solutions :
Dewat.
Drying
Inciner.
Hydrol.
Dewat.
Inciner.
Hydrol.
Digest.
Dewat.
Inciner.
Dewat.
Drying.
Bio-Pellets
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

61. EXAMPLE OF A SLUDGE PRODUCT RECYCLING CONCEPT
(KREPRO)
Recyclable
products:
Biofuel
Precipitant
Phosphorous
Carbon source
for N-removal
Removed :
Pathogens
Heavy metals
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

62. UTILIZING SLUDGE IN BUILDING PRODUCTS
(here: cement production in Jaoan)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

63. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
CONCLUSIONS
I believe that we will see
a change in technologies
towards:
Wastewater as a resource
This requires special
attention to :
The role of particles
Appropriate selection
of processes
Recycling of nutrients (P)
Hygienic control
Adapted from Du Pont PERMASEP
Permeators
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard